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Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014
- Authors:
- HAYES Joseph F., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(3), 2017, pp.175-181.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Background: Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are associated with increased mortality relative to the general population. There is an international emphasis on decreasing this excess mortality. Aims: To determine whether the mortality gap between individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and the general population has decreased. Method: A nationally representative cohort study using primary care electronic health records from 2000 to 2014, comparing all patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia and the general population. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Results: Individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia had elevated mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.79, 95% CI 1.67–1.88 and 2.08, 95% CI 1.98–2.19 respectively). Adjusted HRs for bipolar disorder increased by 0.14/year (95% CI 0.10–0.19) from 2006 to 2014. The adjusted HRs for schizophrenia increased gradually from 2004 to 2010 (0.11/year, 95% CI 0.04–0.17) and rapidly after 2010 (0.34/year, 95% CI 0.18–0.49). Conclusions: The mortality gap between individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and the general population is widening. (Publisher abstract)
The extremes of the bell curve: excellent and poor school performance and risk for severe mental disorders
- Author:
- MACCABE James
- Publisher:
- Routledge
- Publication year:
- 2010
- Pagination:
- 186p.
- Place of publication:
- London
It has long been claimed that there is a strong association between high intelligence, or exceptional creativity, and mental illness. This book uses evidence from a study of Swedish population data to investigate this claim. The first 2 chapters provide an introduction to the epidemiology of psychosis, with particular emphasis on cognitive performance and creativity. The remaining chapters provide a detailed description of the rationale, methods and results of the population study involving nearly a million individuals conducted by the author in collaboration with colleagues in Stockholm and London. The study finds evidence that children who achieve either exceptionally high, or very low grades at school, are at greater risk of adult mental health disorders. Specifically the research shows that schizophrenia is linked to low educational attainment and that excellent school performance, especially within the creative arts, is a risk factor for bipolar disorder. This book will be of interest to mental health professionals including psychologists, psychiatrists and epidemiologists, and will also prove useful to those working in education.
Mortality after hospital discharge for people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: retrospective study of linked English hospital episode statistics, 1999-2006
- Authors:
- HOANG Uy, STEWART Robert, GOLDACRE Michael J.
- Journal article citation:
- British Medical Journal, 24.9.11, 2011, p.627.
- Publisher:
- British Medical Association
People with schizophrenia and bipoloar disorder have a higher mortality rate than the general population, from both natural and unnatural causes. Using English hospital statistics and death registration data for patients discharged from 1999 - 2006, this study investigates whether the mortality gap has reduced in recent years between people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and the general population. The study found that despite policy initiatives to improve the health and survival of these populations, the mortality gap has not decreased.
Quality of life of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychotic disorders
- Authors:
- SAARNI Samuli I., et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(5), November 2010, pp.386-394.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Quality of life (QoL) is an increasingly important outcome measure in healthcare and health economics. This study compared the loss of subjective QoL and utility-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with psychotic disorders. A population sample of 8,028 Finns, aged 30 and above, was screened for psychotic disorders and bipolar disorder. Lifetime psychotic disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV and/or case records. Health-related quality of life was tested, and QoL was measured with a 10-point scale. Findings indicated that schizoaffective disorder was associated with the largest losses of QoL and HRQoL, with bipolar I disorder associated with similar or smaller losses. However, current depressive symptoms explained most of the losses. In conclusion, depressive symptoms were the strongest predictors of poor QoL/HRQoL in psychotic disorders. Subjective loss of QoL associated with psychotic disorders was smaller than objective loss of functioning suggests.
Longitudinal patterns of health system retention among veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
- Authors:
- FISHER Ellen P., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Community Mental Health Journal, 44(5), October 2008, pp.321-330.
- Publisher:
- Springer
Inconsistent service use for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is associated with poorer outcomes of care. This study analyzed VHA National Psychosis Registry data for 164,150 American veterans with these disorders to identify characteristics associated with 5-year patterns of survival and with retention in VHA care. Most cohort members (63%) survived the period with no break in VHA healthcare lasting over 12 months. Inconsistent utilization was associated with younger age, no service-connected disability, and less physical comorbidity, regardless of diagnosis. The influence of gender and ethnicity on attrition varied by diagnosis and gap-duration. Variation in attrition by gender and ethnicity warrants additional attention.
Am I still laughing?
- Author:
- SEN Dolly
- Publisher:
- Chipmunkapublishing
- Publication year:
- 2006
- Pagination:
- 183p.
- Place of publication:
- Brentwood
Dolly Sen’s second book, 'Am I Still Laughing?, is the follow up to her acclaimed memoir, 'The World is Full of Laughter'. Her first book started out as a possible suicide note and ended up as a celebration of life. The brutally honest account of living with madness has been an inspiration to readers around the world, and has positively changed many peoples’ lives. In 'Am I Still Laughing' Dolly describes her childhood with a father who was a small-time singer and actor, through him she worked as an extra on various films including the Star Wars epic, The Empire Strikes Back, until Steven Spielberg sacked her because he thought her child-breasts were too big for the part of an underfed child slave. Confused by sci-fi reality and day-to-day fiction Dolly traces her madness ‘all the way back to when I worked on The Empire Strikes Back. It wasn't a film, it was reality, and it was up to me to maintain the good and evil in the universe'.
Children of parents with mental illness 2: personal and clinical perspectives
- Editors:
- COWLING Vicki, (ed.)
- Publisher:
- Australian Council for Educational Research
- Publication year:
- 2004
- Pagination:
- 242p.
- Place of publication:
- Melbourne, VIC
The editor has brought together 20 contributors from various disciplines to produce a highly instructive book addressing “coalface” issues for children of mentally ill parents. Four of the contributors had experienced parents suffering from schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and Huntington’s disease. The first part of the book provides some vital background information on the genetics, behavioural and psychosocial effects of major psychiatric illnesses. A chapter outlines the possible impact of different illnesses and their symptoms on infants and children of different ages. Different treatments for disorders, as well as preventive interventions, are also outlined. The role of the partner of the mentally ill parent and wider family ramifications are also considered. There is a chapter with advice on how to talk to children and another that examines the impact on adolescents. Another chapter relates anecdotes from the psychoanalysis of an 11-year-old boy who had been adopted away from his mentally ill mother at the age of 2½. There are other chapters on placing children in out-of-home care and adoption.
The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy
- Authors:
- CRADDOCK Nick, OWEN Michael J.
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(5), May 2005, pp.364-366.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
For the past hundred years most clinical work and research in psychiatry has proceeded under the assumption that schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (or the corresponding earlier terms, such as dementia praecox and manic–depressive illness) are distinct entities with separate underlying disease processes and treatments. This so-called ‘Kraepelinian dichotomy’ has pervaded Western psychiatry since Emil Kraepelin (1919) ‘crystallised dementia praecox and manic–depressive illness from an amorphous mass of madness’. Now molecular genetic studies are beginning to challenge and will soon, we predict, overturn the traditional dichotomous view.
Mental health literacy of ADHD, autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder: a cross-cultural investigation
- Authors:
- VOVOU Foteini, HULL Laura, PETRIDES K.V.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Mental Health, 30(4), 2021, pp.470-480.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- London
Background: Mental health literacy (MHL) is linked to help-seeking behaviours. Although lay people are not always well aware of mental health conditions, few international campaigns and interventions have been developed to raise awareness across cultures. Aims: To investigate MHL cross-culturally and to identify factors that are associated with MHL. Method: Using an online survey, 506 participants (103 Greek, 108 UK, 146 USA, 149 other nationality) read and labelled five vignettes of individuals with Autism, ADHD, Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder and a healthy control. Factors influencing response, confidence and accuracy were compared across all participants, and the effect of various demographics on accurate labelling was compared between countries. Results: Recognition rates were higher than in previous investigations: 75.5% of participants recognised the Healthy vignette, 71.1% ADHD, 61.7% Autism, 56.6% Schizophrenia and 31.6% Bipolar. MHL varied across different countries, with religion, language spoken, and education having the greatest effects. Personal experience of mental illness partially affected MHL. Conclusions: MHL is relatively high for some mental health conditions, but public knowledge of other conditions is still poor. Factors influencing MHL vary across countries. (Edited publisher abstract)
Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia among nursing home residents without dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Authors:
- FORNARO Michele, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(1), 2020, pp.6-15.
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
Background: The elderly population and numbers of nursing homes residents are growing at a rapid pace globally. Uncertainty exists regarding the actual rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as previous evidence documenting high rates relies on suboptimal methodology. Aims: To carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and correlates of MDD, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder among nursing homes residents without dementia. Method: Major electronic databases were systematically searched from 1980 to July 2017 for original studies reporting on the prevalence and correlates of MDD among nursing homes residents without dementia. The prevalence of MDD in this population was meta-analysed through random-effects modelling and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through subgroup/meta-regression analyses. Results: Across 32 observational studies encompassing 13 394 nursing homes residents, 2110 people were diagnosed with MDD, resulting in a pooled prevalence rate of 18.9% (95% CI 14.8–23.8). Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 97%, P≤0.001); no evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analysis indicated the highest rates of MDD among North American residents (25.4%, 95% CI 18–34.5, P≤0.001). Prevalence of either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia spectrum disorder could not be reliably pooled because of the paucity of data. Conclusions: MDD is highly prevalent among nursing homes residents without dementia. Efforts towards prevention, early recognition and management of MDD in this population are warranted. (Publisher abstract)