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Predictors of welfare and child outcomes in female-headed households in sub-Saharan Africa
- Authors:
- LOMBE Margaret, SAFADI Najwa, NEWRANSKY Chrisann
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 27(1), February 2011, pp.75-89.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study examines correlates of household welfare in female-headed households in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa – Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – using data from the 2004 wave of the Afrobarometer survey (n = 3525). More specifically, the authors assess the role government interventions and informal assistance might play in predicting household welfare. The association between female headship of a household and aspirations for child future outcomes is also examined. Study findings suggest country variations in experiences of welfare and perception of child outcomes. The authors also note that certain individual and household characteristics are linked to both household welfare and perception of child outcomes. Practice and policy implications are suggested.
Exploring moderating effects of violent conflict on household welfare in a resource-constrained environment: the case of sub-Saharan Africa
- Authors:
- LOMBE Margaret, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 36(4), July 2010, pp.289-302.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Correlates of household welfare in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe are examined using data from the 2004 wave of the Afrobarometer survey. It also assesses the role that violent conflict might play in influencing this relationship. This subject has become especially relevant today in sub-Saharan Africa, given the growing disfranchisement of vulnerable individuals and households and increased incidents of violent conflict. Insight into the relationship between violent conflict and household welfare may be an important step in understanding why many sub-Saharan African countries have difficulties in stimulating economic growth and welfare. The Afrobarameter survey makes up a series of national public attitude surveys from 16 African countries; the study sample for the three selected countries included 3,525 respondents. The study findings provided partial support for the hypothesised relationship. Specifically, poverty reduction initiatives and informal assistance are associated with reduced hardship, while violent conflict is related to an increase in hardship. The article also notes that certain individual and household characteristics are linked to hardship. Practice and policy implications are suggested.
Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children's vulnerability in Zambia
- Authors:
- SCHENK K., et al
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 20(8), September 2008, pp.894-903.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study explores how communities in Zambia characterize vulnerable children in the context of HIV; demonstrates how estimates of vulnerability vary depending on definitions; and discusses the implications of these estimates for program delivery. Baseline research conducted in 2005 included cross-sectional community-based household surveys at six locations using multi-stage random sampling (totalling 1,503 households, reporting on 5,009 children) and participatory qualitative research (focus group and in-depth interviews) with adults and youth at four locations. Between 14 and 27% of children in the sample had experienced a parental death (2-5% maternal orphans, 7-13% paternal orphans, 4-10% double orphans). In addition, other characteristics that communities associated with children's vulnerability were prevalent: 26-34% had been taken into another household, 15-27% were living in female-headed households, and 11-28% were living in a household with someone who is chronically ill. Overall, 58-73% of children had one or more community-defined characteristics of vulnerability. This study highlights the need to carefully consider the meaning of “vulnerability” when targeting programmes to support children affected by HIV and AIDS. Local community input is vital to inform context-specific criteria for distributing programme resources. If used, eligibility criteria should be context-specific yet flexible to evolving community realities. In settings such as rural Zambia where levels of HIV-related vulnerability are high, it may be more efficient to target at the level of communities rather than assess individual households.
Attainment of basic needs as a predictor of civic engagement in sub-Saharan Africa: some implications
- Authors:
- LOMBE Margaret, OCHUMBO Alex Juma, NORSTRAND Julie
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 24(2), October 2008, pp.103-117.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Building on previous research on basic needs and civic engagement, this study attempts to understand whether or not attainment of basic needs will predict civic engagement in a resource-constrained environment. It also assess the moderating effects of perceived trust in governmental institutions on this relationship. Data from the Afrobarometer survey is used to examine these relationships in three sub-Saharan Africa countries: Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Findings provide support for the hypothesized relationship that attainment of basic needs predicts civic engagement. Furthermore, civic engagement appears to be higher at higher levels of perceived trust in government. These findings provide a preliminary base for exploring factors that may be important in understanding civic behaviour in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.
Community perspectives on care options for HIV prevention trial participants
- Authors:
- McQUEEN K. M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 19(4), April 2007, pp.554-560.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
There is on-going global debate and policy-setting concerning researchers' obligations to meet the health needs of people participating in HIV prevention trials in resource-poor settings. The perspectives of local community stakeholders on this issue are poorly understood as most of what is presented on behalf of communities where research takes place is anecdotal commentary. Using qualitative methods (130 in-depth interviews and 20 focus groups) the authors assessed perceived fairness of different strategies to meet the health needs of women who become HIV-infected during a hypothetical vaginal microbicide trial. Respondents included HIV prevention research participants, community stakeholders and health-care service providers in ten sites in seven countries (South Africa, Malawi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Zambia, India, US). Many respondents perceived referrals to be a potentially fair way to address care and treatment needs but concerns were also voiced about the adequacy of local health-care options and the ability of trial participants to access options. Most respondents viewed the provision of antiretroviral treatment by researchers to HIV-infected trial participants as unfair if treatment was not sustained beyond the end of the trial. The results underscore the importance of effectively linking trial participants to sustainable, community-based treatment and care.
Acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of HIV infection in Zambia
- Authors:
- LUKOBO M. D., BAILEY R. C.
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 19(4), April 2007, pp.471-477.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Numerous observational studies and three clinical trials have shown male circumcision (MC) to be partially protective against HIV acquisition in heterosexual men. This has led to consideration of introducing circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the acceptability of male circumcision as an intervention to improve male genital hygiene and reduce sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1 in Zambia. Thirty-four focus group discussions were conducted - 17 with men and 17 with women - in four districts chosen to represent urban and rural communities where circumcision is and is not traditionally practiced. In communities where circumcision is little practiced, the main facilitators for acceptance were improved genital hygiene, HIV/STI prevention, and low cost. The main barriers were cultural tradition, high cost, pain, and concerns for safety. If MC is proven to reduce risk for HIV and STIs, most participants reported that they would seek circumcision for themselves or their partners or their sons if it was free or at a minimal cost. Acceptability of male circumcision for STI and HIV prevention appears to be high in Zambia.
‘We are no longer called club members but caregivers’: involving youth in HIV and AIDS caregiving in rural Zambia
- Authors:
- ESU-WILLIAMS E., et al
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 18(8), November 2006, pp.888-894.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study assessed the strategy of building young people's capacity to provide care and support to people living with HIV and AIDS in rural Zambia. Members of youth anti-AIDS clubs in schools and communities were trained as adjunct caregivers using a locally developed curriculum that allowed them to explore and challenge gendered notions of caregiving and emphasized networking with existing resources. Results show that caregiving increased among males (47% to 82%) and females (41% to 78%). Both sexes provided similar caregiving services, including help with household chores and personal care tasks. Youth also undertook activities with children to decrease their isolation, help them stay in school, and reach additional services. While clients and caregivers reported positive aspects of the programme, both reported frustration with the youths’ inability to meet material needs. This study demonstrates that trained youth already involved in anti-AIDS efforts can meet a range of care needs and be valuable assets to their community. It also highlights the importance of communicating clearly what youth can and cannot do, ongoing monitoring and support of youth caregivers, and involving community leaders to give youth credibility and access to local resources.
Influencing sexual practices among HIV-positive Zambian women
- Authors:
- JONES D.L., et al
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 18(6), August 2006, pp.629-634.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
This study assessed and compared the efficacy of culturally tailored behavioral interventions to increase use and acceptability of sexual barrier products among HIV-positive women in Zambia. It also sought to evaluate cultural preferences as facilitators or impediments to potential use of vaginal chemical barriers for sexual risk reduction within the Zambian context. Women (N=240), recruited from the University Teaching Hospital HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center, were randomized into group or individual intervention arms. Participants attended a baseline assessment, three intervention sessions and follow up assessments at six and 12 months. All participants increased use and acceptability of female condoms and vaginal products and maintained male condom use at six and 12 months. Preliminary data indicated that group participants increased male condom use at six months and trial use and acceptability of female condoms and lubricants predicted their use in the group condition. Results support group interventions to increase sexual barrier use and acceptability in HIV-positive women within the Zambian context. From a public health standpoint, groups may represent a cost-effective and culturally congruent intervention.