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Sexual behaviors and perceptions of HIV risk in a multiethnic U.S. sample of women who have sex with women
- Authors:
- JACOBS Robin J., SKLAR Elliot M., KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 44(5), 2018, pp.614-623.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This study investigated the sexual practices and perceptions of HIV risk in a national sample women who have sex with women (WSW). A multiethnic sample of 239 WSW aged 18–68 years attending GLBTQ pride events in three U.S. cities (Chicago, Atlanta, and Fort Lauderdale) completed an anonymous survey regarding their sexual behaviours, thoughts and perceptions of HIV risk. In the past 6 months, 18% of participants reported one or more male partners. Perception of HIV risk was associated with having more male partners (r = .244, p < .01), no primary relationship (r = .185, p < .01), shorter time with primary partners (r = .191, p < .05), multiple female partners (r = .169, p < .05), and a primary relationship with a man (r = .208, p < .01). Participants reported low levels of safer sex, but those who had sex with men reported using more protection with men compared with women. Most participants believed WSW could be at risk for HIV, but felt little personal risk. Understanding behaviours and perceptions of risk while taking into account the unique contexts of the lives of WSW from diverse communities may help guide the development of relevant, targeted public health interventions that address HIV-risk in this group. For the purpose of this paper, the authors define lesbians as homosexual women, or women who have sexual desire and relationships with other women. WSW are women who have, or have had, sex with women who may or may not self-identify as lesbian. (Edited publisher abstract)
Correlates of loneliness in midlife and older gay and bisexual men
- Authors:
- JACOBS Robin J., KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 24(1), January 2012, pp.40-61.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Previous research has shown that older gay and bisexual men are more likely to suffer from loneliness than their heterosexual peers. The aim of this study was to examine the correlates of psychosocial and behavioural factors on loneliness in midlife and older gay and bisexual men. The participants were a community-based sample of 802 self-identified gay and bisexual men aged 40 to 94 years in South Florida. The participants completed standardised measures of life orientation (optimism versus pessimism), internalised homonegativity, coping self-efficacy, and loneliness. The findings suggest that older gay and bisexual men have a unique set of factors that impact their risk and resilience affecting loneliness. Life orientation, coping self-efficacy, internalised homonegativity, and finding partners on the Internet were found to be predictors of loneliness. Implications for social work and mental health practice are discussed.
HIV-related stigma in midlife and older women
- Authors:
- JACOBS Robin J., KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Health Care, 49(1), January 2010, pp.68-89.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Stereotyped attitudes to HIV AIDS are acknowledged as a barrier to testing and prevention efforts worldwide. The prevalence of HIV AIDS is rising in women aged 50 and older and this study looks at the influence of self-esteem, sensation seeking, self silencing and sexual assertiveness on the HIV AIDS stigmatising behaviours of 573 Florida women aged between 50 and 93, in 2005 and 2006. Following various analyses, a regression model is presented by the authors, including self esteem, care as self sacrifice, silencing the self, initiation of sexual activities and behaviours and refusal to engage in some sexual activities and behaviours as predictive variables. Midlife and older women face the double stigma of ageism and the idea that older people should not be having sex, which has a bearing on, for example, the questions of condom negotiation and testing necessity, key to the practice of safe sex. The authors report that HIV-related stigma scores were highest in women who possessed lower self esteem, exhibited more self silencing (when with their partner) and were less sexually assertive. Implications for social work practice include a need, say the authors, to development age and gender appropriate strategies and education to assist midlife and older women in addressing HIV AIDS stigma. Further research is called for as older people become infected later in life and more young people age with HIV AIDS.
Coping strategies for victims of crime: effects of the use of emotion-focused, problem-focused, and avoidance-oriented coping
- Authors:
- GREEN Diane L., CHOI Jung Jin, KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(6), September 2010, pp.732-743.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
This study examined the relationship between coping strategies and levels of distress, social support, and subjective well-being among victims of crime. Interviews were conducted with 86 victims of violent crime and 89 victims of non-violent crime. Of the interviewees, 65.7% were female; 48% Caucasian; 36% African-American; 16% Hispanic; 29.7% were victims of previous crime. Findings indicated a complex relationship between and among variables. A positive relationship was found between emotional-focused coping and distress, social support, and well-being. An inverse relationship was found between avoidance-oriented coping and distress, social support and well-being. Problem-focused coping had an inverse relationship with distress and well-being but a positive relationship with social support. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. The authors comment that the findings support the need for further research examining both the short-term and long-term mediating effects in the recovery process for crime victims. Interventions will be better guided by examining the changes in coping strategies over time and their influence of well-being.
Perceptions of students about younger and older men and women who may be homeless
- Authors:
- KANE Michael N., GREEN Diane, JACOBS Robin J.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 36(4), July 2010, pp.261-277.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The perceptions of social work students toward older and younger female and male homeless individuals were examined using a self-administered survey. The participants were 207 students enrolled in graduate or undergraduate social work courses in South Florida. The students were given 1 of 4 vignettes in which a character was identified as an older male, a younger male, an older female, or a younger female who was frequently seen near an interstate highway, talking to themselves and appearing unkempt, thin, and frail. Most respondents perceived the vignette character as mentally ill, neglectful of health, likely to have HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, likely to experience suicidal thoughts or ideation, and to have head lice, scabies or body lice. Older men were more likely to be perceived as military veterans with a history of mental illness and substance abuse. Older women were least likely to be perceived as having a history of substance abuse or using a handout to purchase ethanol. Older women were perceived to be homeless because they could not afford other living accommodations. A general linear model revealed significant differences in 7 of 41 items that respondents answered based on the gender and age of the vignette characters.
Investigating social work students' perceptions of elders' vulnerability and resilience
- Authors:
- KANE Michael N., LACEY Debra, GREEN Diane
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Mental Health, 7(4), 2009, pp.307-324.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of social work students regarding the resilience of elders and the factors that influence those perceptions, focusing on a diverse group of social work students based in Florida. The authors note that perceptions about resilience have important implications for practice and policy with elders, and how social work services may be delivered to older adults, especially older adults affected by substance abuse and/or mental illness such as depression. Four predictive variables were identified to explain perceptions regarding the resilience of older adults: perceptions of elders' vulnerability, perceptions of elders' actions to treat themselves, perceptions of elders seeking professional help, and the respondents' educational programme. The findings showed that respondents did not perceive older adults as a resilient group in areas of mental illness or substance abuse; they perceived elders as unlikely to seek professional help, vulnerable, marginalised, and as only moderately resilient in overcoming depression or substance abuse. The authors identify implications in the study for social work educators.
When I’m 75 years old: perceptions of social work students
- Author:
- KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work in Health Care, 47(2), 2008, pp.185-213.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
A total of 183 undergraduate and master’s social work students responded to a survey about their views on what they would be like at the age of 75. Most believed that they would have many health concerns but would be fit, have social worth and be somewhat religious or spiritual. Multiple regression analyses showed that most thought they would be less capable than at present, but not that they would be vulnerable, defined in terms of being a victim of crime, lonely, resident in a nursing home, requiring assistance with bathing and dressing, or having Alzheimer’s disease. The implications for research, practice and social work education are discussed.
How are sexual behaviors of older women and older men perceived by human service students?
- Author:
- KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Work Education (The International Journal), 27(7), October 2008, pp.723-743.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Educational programs for human service professionals seek to reduce oppression and discrimination by sensitizing students to diverse populations with whom they will work. In this study, undergraduate social work and criminal justice students (N = 228) studying in Florida completed 23 items that investigated their perceptions about the sexual behaviours of older women and older men. These items focused on their perceptions of older women and older men as attractive and as sexual beings who engage in sexual activity. The findings suggest that despite the inclusion of diversity content in curricula, attitudes toward older adults and their sexual behaviours were not positive, especially among criminal justice students. Among these two groups of human service students, differences were observed in the perceptions of respondents based on educational program when gender and ethno-cultural identification were controlled. Tests of between-subjects effects yielded 13 significant items, with social work students' perceptions somewhat less negative than those of criminal justice respondents. There were significant differences between female and male respondents on six items. These six items were primarily concerned with the attractiveness of older women and older men. Finally, because more than half of all respondents self-identified as Latino, African-American, Caribbean Islander, or another US minority group, the variable of ethno-cultural identification was analyzed. Significant differences were found in three items. Educators will need to heighten students' awareness of older adults and their perceptions of sexual activity among elders.
Social work and criminal justice students’ perceptions of elders
- Author:
- KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 34(1), 2007, pp.13-26.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The perceptions of older people expressed by 228 criminal justice and social work students in the United States are examined. Moderately ageist attitudes were generally evident and after controlling for ethno-cultural identification and previous gerontology education, there were significant differences between the two student groups on ten of twelve dependent variables. These were perceptions of older people as unmotivated and parsimonious, attractive, useful, healthy (or not), able to drive, romantic or sexually active. In addition, these variables included willingness to be with older people and to work with older people, and perceptions of their right to suicide. On two variables – perceptions of older people as depressed, and working with older people if paid a higher salary – there were no significant differences between the student groups. The author concludes that because of the prevalence of moderately ageist perceptions, there are important implications for interdisciplinary human service education. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).
Social work students' perceptions about incompetence in elders
- Author:
- KANE Michael N.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 47(3/4), 2006, pp.153-171.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
In this American study 172 graduate and undergraduate social work students were surveyed to investigate their perceptions concerning memory impairment in elders. Approximately 70% of those surveyed did not strongly disagree with the perception that all elders are memory impaired. In further analysis, significant correlations were found to exist between this variable and several other variables, including perceptions of elders' behaviours and perceptions of communicating with elders. In a standard multiple regression, three significant predictor variables accounted for 53.4% of the model's adjusted variance. These predictor variables included: (a) perceptions of elders' behaviours, (b) perceptions of communicating with elders, and (c) having taken courses in gerontology. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).