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Modeling women’s need for action in violent relationships
- Authors:
- KATERNDAHL David A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 2021, pp.NP12521-NP12547.
- Publisher:
- Sage
We are beginning to understand that intimate partner violence (IPV) and women’s decision-making about that violence are nonlinear phenomena. IPV and decision-making are influenced by variables feedforwarding upon themselves with multiple interconnected predictors and circularly causal relationships. Computer models can help us gain a systems perspective on these relationships and enable hypothesis-testing without engendering risk to women in these relationships. The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model of women’s decision-making concerning her violent relationship and assess the impact of random stress and her controllable behaviors on violence and decision-making. An agent-based model was created using data from couples with history of violence, based upon results of multiple time series of partner violence. To explore factors that may alter model results, eight continuous variable parameters were created based upon significant (p ≤ .05) but discrepant (opposite directions) results from two prior time series studies. Overall, 13 unique patterns of violence in five categories were identified, but none of these categories included his violence alone without some additional influence (i.e., marital distance leading to marital distance the following day). To assess the potential impact that random stress and behaviors under her control (arguments, forgiveness, alcohol use, violence) could have on need-for-action and actions taken, the effects of variable parameter settings on these outcomes were also assessed. While random stress had little effect on outcomes, her interventions could have an impact but were pattern-specific. Her daily participation in arguments correlated with more violence. The need-for and actually taking action were at times independent of each other. This mathematical model yielded results that generally involved her violence with or without his violence. Thus, modeling partner violence and women’s decision-making is possible, yielding diverse patterns. However, the complexity of interdependent predictors unique to each relationship means that targeted interventions will need to be couple-specific. (Edited publisher abstract)
Perpetrators’ perspectives on family violence: an event process model
- Authors:
- STAIRMAND Meg, POLASCHEK Devon L.L., DIXON Louise
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), 2021, pp.NP10132-NP10155.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Offense process models are descriptive theories that provide a temporal outline of an offense - including its cognitive, behavioural, contextual, and motivational components - from a perpetrator’s perspective. Offense process models have been developed for a wide range of criminal offending (e.g., alcohol-impaired driving, child sexual offending, rape, aggravated robbery, homicide), but remain underdeveloped for family violence. The purpose of this study was to develop an offense process model of family violence. We conducted individual semistructured interviews with 27 participants- 14 men and 13 women - completing community-based family violence perpetrator treatment programs, and systematically analyzed participants’ narratives of family violence events using grounded theory methods. The resulting event process model of family violence (FVEPM) contains four sections, arranged temporally from the most distal to the most proximal factors in relation to the family violence event: (1) background factors, (2) event build-up, (3) event, and (4) post-event. Each section outlines the cognitive, behavioral, contextual, and motivational factors that contribute to family violence perpetration. The FVEPM is the first attempt to consider whether a single offense process model can account for a broader range of family violence than that used solely by men toward their female intimate partners. Furthermore, the FVEPM highlights the dynamic nature of family violence events (FVEs), and the salient role of situational and interpersonal factors in contributing to family violence perpetration. We argue that the FVEPM has the potential to accommodate a range of types of family violence perpetration, and makes a useful contribution to theory and research on event-based models from a perpetrator perspective. (Edited publisher abstract)
Embedding preventive lawyering principles in preventive social work as a response to clients with complex problems in the post-Covid-19 era: an opinion piece
- Author:
- SEGAL Michal
- Journal article citation:
- International Social Work, 64(5), 2021, pp.796-800.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Social workers are facing complex requests from clients coping with multi-system life problems resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. Such requests require broad knowledge and innovative approaches. Macro-level Preventive Social Work, a new model based on preventive lawyering and social working, focuses intervention to minimize future problems created by the pandemic. (Edited publisher abstract)
Loneliness, older people and a proposed social work response
- Author:
- HAGAN Robert
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Work, 21(5), 2021, pp.1084-1104.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Summary: This article is based upon a scoping review of literature about older people and loneliness. Findings: Increasingly in the UK, older people’s experience of loneliness is conceptualised as a public health concern. Social workers will wish to respond appropriately to older adults reporting loneliness but may react on the basis of keenly held assumptions about loneliness in later life, with scant regard to distinct subcategorisation of the construct. Exploring what an appropriate social work response may be, this article first sets out four misconceptions related to older people’s loneliness: that older people are especially lonely, loneliness correlates with living alone, strengthening family networks is best for alleviating loneliness, and loneliness interventions should tackle the issue directly. Applications: A proposed model is introduced regarding social work intervention, focusing upon direct assessment of needs, the maintenance of meaningful existing relationships and, if required, potential introduction of new social support avenues. Additionally, it is recognised that a separate response to long-term chronic loneliness may involve psychological work addressing cognition. (Edited publisher abstract)
Strengthening the empowerment approach in social work practice: an EPS model
- Author:
- KAM Ping Kwong
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Work, 21(3), 2021, pp.329-352.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Summary: Since the mid-1980s, social work has been recognised as an empowering profession. This article proposes that two more concepts, namely, participation and a strengths perspective, must be taken into account to strengthen and advance the empowerment approach. An integrated intervention model linking empowerment, participation and a strengths perspective, called the EPS model, is developed. Theoretical advances: Although the concepts of participation and strengths perspective have been mentioned separately in literature about the promotion of empowerment, discussion of the integration of all three concepts is limited. The EPS model goes some way to filling this theoretical and practice gap. It affirms that these three concepts are interrelated and must be closely interlinked. The model links the three concepts by proposing that practice should be based on a strengths perspective and use participation as the method to achieve the goal of empowering service users. The EPS model serves as a framework through which social workers can oversee the application and connection of the three concepts in practice. Applications: As the EPS model incorporates the principles of the World Health Organization age-friendly cities initiative, it is suited to the implementation of a community project in Hong Kong aimed at enhancing the age-friendliness of the city’s transport system. This case study illustrates how the EPS model was applied and how the outcomes resulted in empowerment of the participants and realised benefits for older people in Hong Kong. (Edited publisher abstract)
A mapping review of models of practice education in allied health and social care professions
- Authors:
- BEVERIDGE Joanna, PENTLAND Duncan
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(8), 2020, pp.488-513.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Introduction: Practice education is fundamental to pre-registration learning for many health and social care professions, yet finding sufficient opportunities for students is challenging. One-to-one student–educator pairings are common, and while different models could increase placement opportunities, the associated terminology is inconsistent and an overview of advantages, challenges and available evidence is missing. This mapping review identifies, categorises and critically considers the evidence for different models of practice education used by health and social care professions. Method: Papers from 2008 onwards reporting on practice education approaches in allied health or social care profession courses were identified in three databases. Data was extracted, methodological quality categorised and a typology of practice education models developed. Findings: Fifty-three papers were reviewed and developed into a typology of 14 models. Mapping indicated issues with a lack of high-quality research and limitations in available outcome indicators. Pre-requisites for the effective operation of different models include preparation, communication and allowing sufficient time for new ways of working. Conclusions: Practice education discourse is characterised by varied terminology and practices. Various models for structuring practice education exist, though the evidence for their effectiveness and impact on capacity is limited. Using consistent language and considering wider impacts and outcomes is recommended in future study. (Edited publisher abstract)
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder: effective helping responses from social workers
- Authors:
- GIBBS Anita, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Social Work, 63(4), 2020, pp.496-509.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disability that often requires extensive intervention and support from the helping professions, notably social work. This article considers why a social work response to FASD is needed and explores social work frameworks and models that underpin current FASD-informed practice. It illustrates the discussion with three international models used in Canada and New Zealand, the Key Worker model, the Communities of Practice model and an advocacy and mentoring model. (Edited publisher abstract)
Challenges in implementing models of coordinated care
- Authors:
- JANICH Nicole K., SHAFER Michael S.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Work, 20(3), 2020, pp.365-382.
- Publisher:
- Sage
The purpose of this study is to explore implementation challenges behavioral health agencies have faced in moving toward new models of care coordination which have been mandated by health care policy. Specifically, this study looks at six behavioral health agencies in a rural region of a southwestern state. Three agencies had adopted a colocated model of care coordination which involved partnering with a local Federally Qualified Health Center to provide primary care services at the behavioral health agency facilities. Three other agencies included in the study had adopted a fully integrated model of care coordination which involved hiring their own practitioners to provide primary care services at their facilities. Findings Results from this qualitative study identified seven areas of implementation challenges experienced by agencies including financial mechanisms, regulation, electronic health records, role clarification, information sharing, medical provider stigma, and staff training on coordinated care. Some of the most common challenges for all agencies regardless of the model being implemented were funding mechanisms, information sharing, and regulation. Application: Findings from this study indicate that although health care policy has moved toward a more progressive form of health care, challenges still remain that threaten the sustainability of such care. Improvements at the policy level are needed to reform payment mechanisms and regulatory burden, in addition to making improvements at the local level to train practitioners. (Publisher abstract)
The impacts of accountable care organizations on patient experience, health outcomes and costs: a rapid review
- Authors:
- WILSON Michael, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 25(2), 2020, pp.130-138.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
Objectives: Accountable care organizations were implemented as a system-level approach to address quality differences and curb increasing healthcare costs in the United States of America, and have garnered the interest of policy makers in other countries to support better management of patients. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) identify the impacts of accountable care organizations on improving the quadruple aim goals of improving patient experience of care, enhancing population health outcomes, reducing the per capita cost of health care and ensuring positive provider experiences and (2) determine how and why such impacts have been achieved through accountable care organizations. Methods: This study used a rapid review approach, searching Health Systems Evidence (for systematic reviews) and PubMed (for reviews and studies). Results were reviewed for inclusion independently by two researchers. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked for consistency by another. Results: This study identified one recent systematic review and 59 primary studies that addressed the first objective (n = 54), the second objective (n = 4) or both objectives (n = 1). The reviewed studies suggest that accountable care organizations reduce costs without reducing quality. Key findings related to objective 1 include: (1) there are positive trends across the quadruple–aim outcomes for accountable care organizations as compared to Medicare fee-for-service or group physician fee-for-service models; (2) accountable care organizations produced modest cost savings, which are largely attributable to savings in outpatient expenses among the most medically complex patients and reductions in the delivery of low-value services; (3) accountable care organization models met the majority of quality measures and perform better than their fee-for-service counterparts and (4) there is relatively little evidence about the impact of accountable care organizations on provider experience. Qualitative studies related to objective 2 highlighted mechanisms that were important for enabling accountable care organizations, including supplemental staff to enhance coordination and accountable care organization-wide electronic health records. Conclusions: General trends and increased adoption of models similar to accountable care organizations outside of the USA suggest that these models outperform traditional fee-for-service models across the quadruple aim goals, although with mixed evidence about health outcomes. (Edited publisher abstract)
Why do evaluations of integrated care not produce the results we expect?
- Authors:
- KUMPUNEN Stephaine, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Care Coordination, 23(1), 2020, pp.9-13.
- Publisher:
- Sage
A number of evaluations of models of integrated care have not produced the expected result of reduced hospital admissions, and in some cases have even found people receiving integrated care services using hospitals more than matched controls. The authors tested three hypotheses for these surprising results with a group of 50 integrated care experts in a seminar: (1) problems with the model; (2) problems of implementation; and (3) problems of evaluation. The group of experts did not rule out any of these hypotheses and came up with some advice as to manage these issues. For example, model designers should rigorously test the underlying logic; commissioners should seek out advice from experts and patients/professionals; and evaluators should choose outcomes wisely, use mixed methods approaches, and provide regular feedback loops to implementation sites. Evaluating integrated care is a skilled task that requires multiple approaches in terms of the design and implementation of the models. National research funders or other appropriate bodies might consider developing an advisory service to provide support to local systems planning evaluations. (Edited publisher abstract)