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Social interactions of persons with dementia living in special care units in long-term care: a mixed-methods systematic review
- Authors:
- ADLBRECHT Laura, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 20(3), 2021, pp.967-984.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Background: Special care units are a well-utilized approach in the long-term care for persons with dementia. A therapeutic goal of such settings is to provide meaningful engagement and a sense of community that is crucial for the overall quality of life. In recent years, several studies followed this notion by investigating residents’ social interactions and the influence of the environment on these interactions. Aims: This review aims to synthesize the literature on the social interactions of persons with dementia living in special care units. Design: A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted. Methods: Literature was searched in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Additionally, reference lists of relevant articles were searched. Studies were screened, data were extracted and the quality was appraised. Separate syntheses were conducted for qualitative and quantitative studies, which were subsequently merged in the final mixed-methods synthesis. Results: In total, 18 articles were included, investigating large-scale, small-scale and homelike special care units and green care farms. Residents in special care units experience few social interactions but more than those in the comparative groups. Opportunities to interact are only marginally seized. Interactions typically occur in small groups and are facilitated by familiarity and the organizational environment. Residents mainly rely on staff members to create social interaction, for example initiating or facilitating resident-to-resident interaction. Conclusion: Although the evidence base is increasing, it is still fragmented and built on different concepts, interventions, control groups and measurements. Nevertheless, the first conclusions suggest a positive impact of special care units on residents’ social interactions. Although the review yielded a more comprehensive picture of residents’ social life, further high-quality research built on a sound theoretical background is needed. (Edited publisher abstract)
The lived experience of people with intellectual disabilities in post-secondary or higher education
- Authors:
- CORBY Deirdre, TAGGART Laurence, COUSINS Wendy
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 24(3), 2020, pp.339-357.
- Publisher:
- Sage
- Place of publication:
- London
The transformational role education plays in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities has not been fully examined. The purpose of this study was to explore and investigate the meanings people with intellectual disabilities construct of their experiences in post-secondary and higher education. Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was the qualitative methodology adopted for the study. Individual interviews were conducted with 27 people with intellectual disabilities and analysed in stages. These stages included the creation of I-Poems offering a unique opportunity for individual participant voices to be heard. Three core themes emerged to describe living an authentic life: learning (with the emphasis on increased skills, independence and opportunities); relationships (in particular, the importance of friendships), and perceptions including the existing realities of life for those with intellectual disabilities. The findings advance previous work highlighting the link between living a more authentic life and how education transforms how people with intellectual disabilities view themselves. (Publisher abstract)
Does a close relationship with an adult reduce the risk of juvenile offending for youth with a history of maltreatment?
- Authors:
- BAETZ Carly Lyn, WIDOM Cathy Spatz
- Journal article citation:
- Child Maltreatment, 25(3), 2020, pp.308-317.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Social support is frequently cited as a protective factor against juvenile offending. The current study examined whether a close relationship with an adult in childhood decreases the risk for offending among individuals with a history of child maltreatment. This research utilized data from a prospective cohort design study in which children with court-substantiated cases of abuse and neglect and nonmaltreated children matched on age, sex, race, and approximate family social class were followed into adulthood (N = 1,196). Having a close relationship with an adult did not decrease risk for delinquent behavior or arrest, but a close relationship with a parent was associated with lower risk for delinquent behavior. Surprisingly, adults with no history of maltreatment who reported having a close relationship with a peer or sibling were more likely to report engaging in violent behavior in adolescence. In total, these findings point to the complexity of development and suggest that although a close relationship with an adult can be protective, the mere presence of such a relationship, without inquiry into the type of relationship, is not sufficient. (Publisher abstract)
Seeking a secure base: gangs as attachment figures
- Author:
- DE VITO Katherine
- Journal article citation:
- Qualitative Social Work, 19(4), 2020, pp.754-769.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Street gangs are problematic throughout the world. Youth involved with street gangs are at a higher risk for winding up seriously physically injured, dead, or incarcerated. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine (a) how the childhood experiences of former gang members shape their decision to join a gang and (b) the factors that contribute to former gang members’ decision to disengage from gang membership. This study will promote the use of attachment theory to analyze motivating/disengagement factors for gang involvement. The voices of 14 former gang members are heard through qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify the following themes: Lack of Family Consistency, Brotherhood, Sisterhood, Unity: Gang as Replacement Family, “No other Option,” and “Jail, Death, or a Turnaround:” Making the Decision to Disengage. Findings could be used to aid in youth gang prevention and intervention. (Publisher abstract)
Memory Keeper: a prototype digital application to improve engagement with people with dementia in long-term care (innovative practice)
- Authors:
- MCALLISTER Margaret, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 19(4), 2020, pp.1287-1298.
- Publisher:
- Sage
People with dementia living in long-term care commonly experience loneliness and lack of meaningful activity. Memory Keeper is a prototype digital application that presents personalised prompts to stimulate reminiscences and meaningful engagement with formal and informal carers. A trial involving three persons with dementia in long-term care and seven family and staff members revealed no negative responses to the device or application. Family members said it was valuable in improving the quality of engagement and made visits more enjoyable. If practical and technical barriers can be overcome, Memory Keeper could become an innovative family engagement tool for dementia management.
Engaging people with dementia in designing playful and creative practices: co-design or co-creation?
- Author:
- TSEKLEVES Emmanuel
- Journal article citation:
- Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 19(3), 2020, p.915–931.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Stimulating active, social interactions for people with dementia is an important and timely challenge that merits continuing attention in design research. The idea of using participatory co-design to engage people with dementia is attracting increased interest. This article draws on the authors qualitative study that used a playful, participatory arts approach to explore the ways co-design could be implemented in a group of 12 people with dementia and their carers, and developed practical recommendations, in the form of a set of playing cards, for other researchers and caregivers to work in similar ways. The emphasis is on the value of play and playfulness, providing a ‘magic circle’ (Huizinga, 1955) that fosters the required conditions for a co-creative, co-design space. This aims to encourage social interaction between people with dementia, to stimulate imagination and creativity; and engage even the most the reticent, less confident members. The observations, however, suggest that the exact notion and nature of co-design within the context of working with people with dementia is unclear. The authors critically explore whether such participatory creative practices that engage people with dementia can be considered as purely co-design. In conclusion, the authors argue that such interaction is better described as co-creation and that this definition can still embrace considerable contribution and involvement by people with dementia in a co-design process. (Edited publisher abstract)
Two sides of one coin? Relationships build resilience or contribute to burnout in child protection social work: shared perspectives from Leavers and Stayers in Northern Ireland
- Author:
- McFADDEN Paula
- Journal article citation:
- International Social Work, 63(2), 2020, pp.164-176.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Child protection is a stressful occupation that can result in burnout and job exit for some social workers. This article focuses on the positive and negative impacts of co-worker and manager relationships, reporting on the meaning applied by workers, and on how these relationships impact their ability to manage the challenges of child protection work. Semi-structured interviews with 15 social-workers who left and 15 who stayed reveal the critical importance of relationships at work for either building resilience or contributing to burnout. Recommendations call for employer-level interventions to promote relationship-focused interventions to enhance social worker resilience. (Edited publisher abstract)
Women ageing solo in Ireland: an exploratory study of women’s perspectives on relationship status and future care needs
- Authors:
- REILLY Eileen, HAFFORD-LETCHFIELD Trish, LAMBERT Nicky
- Journal article citation:
- Qualitative Social Work, 19(1), 2020, pp.75-92.
- Publisher:
- Sage
This study explores the impact of relationship status for women in Ireland who are ageing ‘solo’ and their perspectives on relationship status and their future care needs. Solo women were defined as those over 55 years who identify with long-term, non-partnered relationship status and have not had children. In-depth qualitative interviews with 10 women were used to gather data on how participants responded to their solo status. Voice-relational method was used to analyse the data and the researchers report on three themes relating to social work. Firstly, participants experienced social stigma related to their status as solo women; secondly, their resistance and resilience in response and thirdly, the anticipated challenges and experiences of solo ageing in relation to meeting their care and support needs. Whilst conducted in Ireland, further research in this area is important to identify how social policy is inclusive for marginalised populations in ageing in similar contexts. The findings suggest the need for increased professional awareness of women ageing solo when undertaking assessment and designing women’s person-centred support. (Edited publisher abstract)
Motivational interviewing in child welfare services: a systematic review
- Authors:
- HALL Martin T., SEARS Jeanelle S., WALTON Matthew T.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Maltreatment, early cite 12 December 2019,
- Publisher:
- Sage
Families in the child welfare (CW) system who cannot be engaged in services are at high risk of negative outcomes. As motivational interviewing (MI) has been shown to improve engagement in similar contexts. This study aimed to systematically review MI with CW families as well as MI training with CW workers and social work students training to become CW workers. The review used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and searched multiple databases in June 2018. In September 2019, the initial search was repeated with additional searches to identify gray literature. Eight studies described the acquisition of MI among CW workers or student trainees, and 11 studies evaluated the impact of MI on families in CW. MI’s impact on some family outcomes, such as engagement in services, was mixed, though MI paired with other evidence-based treatments showed positive effects. With regard to training CW workers and students in MI, differences in training duration, intensity, and modality make conclusions difficult, though trainees generally described MI favorably and some studies showed training increased worker empathy and self-efficacy. Importantly, few published studies have evaluated whether MI-trained CW workers impact out-of-home-care placement, and no studies have evaluated their impact on maltreatment. (Edited publisher abstract)
Is Nurturing Attachments training effective in improving self-efficacy in foster carers and reducing manifestations of Reactive Attachment Disorder in looked after children?
- Authors:
- GIBBONS Naomi, BACON Alison M., LLOYD Lisa
- Journal article citation:
- Adoption and Fostering, 43(4), 2019, pp.413-428.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Looked after children have frequently experienced complex developmental trauma manifesting as behavioural, cognitive and emotional challenges and difficulties in forming secure relational attachments to caregivers. Nurturing Attachments training was developed specifically to support carers who are parenting such children. The present study reports on a mixed-methods evaluation of this programme, focusing particularly on its impact on carer self-efficacy and behavioural manifestations of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) which are common among looked after children, even if they are not formally diagnosed. Ten foster carers completed measures of self-efficacy and RAD before and after the training. A significant increase in carer self-efficacy was found but there was no overall change in levels of children's RAD-related behaviour. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to explore the reasons for this. They revealed three key themes: reflection on then and now; knowledge and understanding; and contact with birth parents. These demonstrated how, after training, foster carers were able to reflect on changes in their own behaviours and draw on new knowledge and understanding. However, contact with biological parents remained challenging and some children seemed to show increased RAD-type behaviours associated with this. Results are discussed in terms of implications for training foster carers. (Edited publisher abstract)