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Looking beyond the illness forensic service users' perceptions of rehabilitation
- Authors:
- BARNAO Mary, WARD Tony, CASEY Sharon
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(7), 2015, pp.1025-1045.
- Publisher:
- Sage
A qualitative study which explores perspectives on rehabilitation of those detained in a New Zealand forensic hospital setting. Twenty forensic service users participated in individual interviews, which were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to thematic analysis. The analysis identified seven themes that were broadly categorized into those that concerned the rehabilitation context (external) and those that more directly reflected the forensic service user’s personal experience (internal). External themes highlighted a person-centred approach, the nature of relationships with staff, consistency of care, and awareness of the rehabilitation pathway. Internal themes related to forensic service users’ self-evaluations, agency, and coping strategies. These findings are discussed within the broader context in which rehabilitation took place. (Edited publisher abstract)
The Good Lives Model (GLM): an evaluation of GLM operationalization in North American treatment programs
- Authors:
- WILLIS Gwenda M., WARD Tony, LEVENSON Jill S.
- Journal article citation:
- Sexual Abuse a Journal of Research and Treatment, 26(1), 2014, pp.58-81.
- Publisher:
- Sage
The good lives model (GLM) has become an increasingly popular theoretical framework underpinning sex offender treatment programmes, and preliminary research suggests that the GLM may enhance the efficacy of programmes that adhere to the Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) principles. However, this potential rests on the appropriate operationalisation of the GLM in practice. Operationalised appropriately, the GLM aims to facilitate risk reduction alongside equipping clients with the tools to live personally meaningful and fulfilling lives. However, misguided operationalisation of the GLM could result in ineffective treatment and ultimately higher rates of reoffending. This article presents findings from a multisite study exploring how the GLM has been operationalised and the degree to which the GLM has been integrated in a sample of 13 North American treatment programmes. A comprehensive coding protocol was developed that included items related to programme aims and client induction/orientation, assessment, intervention planning, intervention content, and intervention delivery. Each site was visited and items were rated through a review of programme documentation, interviews with programme directors/managers, and observations of treatment groups. Findings from inductive (how the GLM was operationalised) and deductive (the extent to which the GLM was integrated) analyses are presented and GLM consistent and inconsistent practices are highlighted. The article concludes with suggestions for ways in which programme responsiveness to the GLM could be enhanced. (Edited publisher abstract)
Expertise and sexual offending: a preliminary empirical model
- Authors:
- BOURKE Patrice, WARD Tony, ROSE Chelsea
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(12), August 2012, pp.2391-2414.
- Publisher:
- Sage
The treatment of child sexual offenders has concentrated on areas where the perpetrators are deficient, such as intimacy deficits, low self-esteem, and empathy deficits. This article considers the areas of competence and skill that facilitate deviant sexual activities, such as the selection and manipulation of victims, decision making and problem solving, and eluding detection. The aim of the study was to investigate the variation and application of skills and knowledge that exists within child sexual offenders in the commission of their offending. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 47 male child sexual offenders in New Zealand and the transcripts analysed using grounded theory. The findings were used in the construction of a descriptive model of expertise-related competency (ERC) of child sexual offending. The ERC model consists of 6 phases and 2 mediating categories, which identify and describe salient features of knowledge and skill acquisition of child sexual offenders. The ERC highlights the importance of the learning of sexualised behaviours and deviant norms from childhood through to adulthood. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Assessing desistance in child molesters: a qualitative analysis
- Authors:
- FARMER Mark, BEECH Anthony R., WARD Tony
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(5), March 2012, pp.930-950.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Although research suggests that intervention programmes aimed at treating sex offenders can be effective, it does not satisfactorily explain why this is the case or how such changes occur. The aim of the study was to investigate the processes by which desistance from sexual offending occurs. Two groups of child molesters were identified from a potential sample group consisting of over 100 offenders in the West Midland: one group of 5 offenders deemed to be desisters; and another group of 5 offenders deemed to be potentially active offenders. These groups were identified by programme therapists using semistructured clinical judgment. The participants were interviewed using McAdams’ (1995) ‘Life Story Interview’ schedule. The men in the desisting group reported being optimistic for the future, reported an enhanced sense of personal agency and a more internalised locus of control, and identified treatment as being a turning point in their lives. In comparison, men in the active group were found to be more pessimistic and were more likely to blame external events, or situations, for their problems. An important finding was that the desisting group had found a place within a social group or network, unlike the still potentially active offenders who all described a life of social isolation and alienation.
The ethics of care and treatment of sex offenders
- Authors:
- WARD Tony, SALMON Karen
- Journal article citation:
- Sexual Abuse a Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(3), September 2011, pp.397-413.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Clinicians are frequently faced with ethical considerations when dealing with sex offenders and their therapeutic interventions with them. This article defines ethics of care and before illustrating how to empower clinicians with an additional set of ethical concepts to guide their practice with sex offenders. It acknowledges the importance of establishing and maintaining practices that help people to meet their needs, develop and protect basic capabilities for problem solving, emotional functioning, and social interaction, and avoid pain and suffering. The article examines how the contribution an ethics of care perspective can be made to work with sex offenders. It describes five classes of ethical problems evident in work with sex offenders – namely: risk management; individually tailored programmes for sex offenders; technical aspects of therapy; protecting the community; and therapist factors. The concept of care is defined and a justification for a version of care theory provided. Finally, the article applies the ethical care theory to ethical issues with sex offenders and demonstrates its value in responding to the five classes of problems outlined.
Moral repair with offenders: ethical issues arising from victimization experiences
- Authors:
- WARD Tony, MORETON Gill
- Journal article citation:
- Sexual Abuse a Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(3), September 2008, pp.305-322.
- Publisher:
- Sage
The relevance of the concept of moral repair for sex offenders who have been victims of sexual or physical abuse is examined. First, the literature on victimization rates and effects in sexual offenders is briefly examined. Second, the notion of moral repair and its constituent tasks is examined with particular emphasis given to Margaret Walker's recent analysis of the concept. Third, the concept of moral repair is applied to offenders and its implications and possible constraints discussed. Fourth, the authors outline a normative framework for addressing victimization issues with sexual offenders, drawing on the resources of human rights theory and strength-based treatment approaches. Finally, the authors conclude with a brief consideration of the ethical and clinical implications of their normative model.
A descriptive model of the offense process for female sexual offenders
- Authors:
- GANNON Theresa A., ROSE Mariamne R., WARD Tony
- Journal article citation:
- Sexual Abuse a Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(3), September 2008, pp.352-374.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Systematic qualitative analyses (i.e., grounded theory) of 22 female sexual offenders offence interviews were used to develop a temporal model of female sexual offending documenting the contributory roles of cognitive, behavioural, affective, and contextual factors in female sexual abuse. The model highlights notable similarities and divergences between male and female sexual offenders' vulnerability factors and offence styles. In particular, the model incorporates male co-offender and group co-offender influences and describes how these interact with vulnerability factors to generate female sexual offending. The gender-specific research and clinical implications of the model are discussed.
Human rights and the treatment of sex offenders
- Authors:
- WARD Tony, GANNON Theresa A., BIRGDEN Astrid
- Journal article citation:
- Sexual Abuse a Journal of Research and Treatment, 19(3), September 2007, pp.195-216.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Human rights create a protective zone around persons and allow them the opportunity to further their own valued personal projects without interference from others. All human beings hold human rights and that includes sex offenders, although some of their freedom rights may be legitimately curtailed by the State. The authors apply the concept of human rights to sex offenders. First the concept of human rights, their structure, and justification is briefly analysed. Secondly, the authors apply their own model of human rights to the assessment and treatment of sex offenders. It is concluded that a significant advantage of a human rights approach is that it is able to integrate the value and capability aspects of offender treatment.
The identification of sexual and violent motivations in men who assault women: implication for treatment
- Authors:
- BEECH Anthony R., WARD Tony, FISHER Dawn
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(12), December 2006, pp.1635-1653.
- Publisher:
- Sage
A qualitative analysis of interview data with 41 rapists determined that five implicit theories (ITs) underlie rapists’ offence supportive beliefs/feelings/motives: (a) dangerous world (DW)—where men have feelings of generalized anger and/or resentment toward others; (b) women are dangerous—where men hold a set of attitudes that are hostile toward women; (c) women as sexual objects (WSO)—where women are seen as primarily sexual objects; (d) male sex drive is uncontrollable—where sexual urges are seen all consuming; (e) entitlement—where men feel that they can do exactly what they want. Consideration of whether DW or WSO ITs were present or absent indicated that three main groups could be identified: Group 1: violently motivated—presence of DW and/or absence of WSO; Group 2: sexually motivated—presence of WSO and/or absence of DW; Group 3: sadistically motivated—presence of DW and WSO. These results are discussed in terms of treatment needs of rapists.
Sexual murderers' implicit theories
- Authors:
- BEECH Anthony, FISHER Dawn, WARD Tony
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(11), November 2005, pp.1366-1389.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Interviews with 28 sexual murderers were subjected to grounded theory analysis. Five implicit theories (ITs) were identified: dangerous world, male sex drive is uncontrollable, entitlement, women as sexual objects, and women as unknowable. These ITs were found to be identical to those identified in the literature as being present in rapists. The presence of dangerous world and male sex drive is uncontrollable were present, or absent, such that three groups could be identified: (a) dangerous world plus male sex drive is uncontrollable; (b) dangerous world, in the absence of male sex drive is uncontrollable; (c) male sex drive is uncontrollable in the absence of dangerous world. These three groups were found to differ in motivation: (a) were motivated by urges to rape and murder; (b) were motivated by grievance, resentment and/or anger toward women; (c) were motivated to sexually offend but were prepared to kill to avoid detection, or secure compliance.