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Defining, measuring and talking about poverty: the case of Finland
- Author:
- SIPILA J.
- Journal article citation:
- Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1(1), July 1992, pp.12-19.
- Publisher:
- Munksgaard/ Blackwell
Scholars have always disagreed about the definition and measurement of poverty. Looks at these issues in the light of Finnish poverty research. The chief target of the methodological criticism is the use of equivalence scales or units of individual consumption in the comparison of individual people's disposable income. The main argument against this method is that it tends to be based on the implicit assumption that 'people with low income need less money'. Another major concern is to demonstrate the key significance of the empirical definition of poverty. Different methods of calculation single out very different groups of poor people. Furthermore, part of the poor people are excluded from all conventional definitions.
Child welfare services in the United States and Sweden: different assumptions, laws and outcomes
- Author:
- BARTH R.P.
- Journal article citation:
- Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1(1), July 1992, pp.36-42.
- Publisher:
- Munksgaard/ Blackwell
The child welfare systems in Sweden and the United States were dramatically reformed beginning in the early 1980s. After ten years, the different results of these reforms are quite striking. These child welfare systems have different methods of preserving families in crisis; different assumptions about the role of birth parents, foster parents, and adoptive parents; and different goals for children who will not go home. Each of these areas is explored and recommendations made for re-examining child welfare services in both countries.
Poverty and welfare in Denmark
- Author:
- ABRAHAMSON P.
- Journal article citation:
- Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1(1), July 1992, pp.20-27.
- Publisher:
- Munksgaard/ Blackwell
From 1945 to the 1980s, Denmark was characterized by the absence of poverty or at least by the lack of any debate over poverty. However, by the mid-1980s, the presence of new forms of poverty made it impossible for politicians and social scientists to neglect poverty as an issue. The re-emergence of poverty did not clarify its extent, but it is widely agreed that poverty now is related to social exclusion and marginalization from the labour market. Empirical evidence is given that shows a poverty incidence of about 8%; the extent of marginalization is calculated to include 20-25% of the population of working age. The existence of poverty can be seen as a critique of the Scandinavian welfare state project, which was developed explicity to fight and eliminate poverty. Concludes with a discussion of the latest welfare state development in Scandinavia and possible future trends, summarised as welfare pluralism. The further implementation of the concept of welfare pluralism holds both positive and negative prospects for the poor, since it opens up both a more differentiated yet possibly also more stratified distribution of welfare.
The decomposition of social policy in Sweden
- Author:
- MARKLUND S.
- Journal article citation:
- Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1(1), July 1992, pp.2-11.
- Publisher:
- Munksgaard/ Blackwell
Looks at how the traditionally strong dominance of the state in social security in Sweden has been replaced by a more mixed structure. Individuals are increasingly covered by a mix of private welfare, employment-based corporate welfare and state programmes.