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Neighborhood influences on early childhood behavioral problems: child maltreatment as a mediator
- Authors:
- PEI Fei, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 123, 2022, p.105391.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: A sizable number of previous research investigated the influences of untreated behavior problems in children's early age, as well as how different environmental factors affect child behavior problems (King et al., 2004; Vaillancourt et al., 2013). However, few studies focused on the influences of different types of neighborhood factors on early childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms via adverse childhood experiences. Objective: This study aims to capture the specific pathways from neighborhood structural factors and process factors to early childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Participants and setting: The restricted version of the Fragile Family Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) dataset at ages 3 and 5 were used, and 2722 children were included in the final model. Methods: The Structural Equation Model was used to estimate the pathways from neighborhood structural and process factors to early childhood internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) symptoms. Neighborhood structural factors were measured at the census tract level. Neighborhood collective efficacy, child maltreatment experiences, and early childhood internalizing, and externalizing symptoms were reported by the focal child's mother. Results: Neighborhood process factors and structural factors showed both direct and indirect effects on early childhood EXT and INT differently. Emotional assault and neglect worked as mediators in this relationship. Conclusions: Findings emphasize the importance for researchers and practitioners to involve neighborhood context when assisting children with early childhood behavior problems. Implications for research and interventions are further discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Impact of COVID-19 among young people currently and formerly in foster care
- Authors:
- ROSENBERG Rachel, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 123, 2022, p.105383.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: COVID-19 continues to have devastating impacts across the United States, causing high levels of unemployment and disconnection from work and school. Furthermore, some communities are at higher risk for adverse outcomes due to the pandemic, including transition age foster youth. Transition age foster youth report negative impacts on their employment, educational attainment, ability to meet basic needs, and their connection to work and school. Objective: The current study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on key young adult outcomes including education, employment, financial well-being, and disconnection from work and school. Methods: Young people from the Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative complete a survey every April and October. This study focuses on a subsample of 2117 young people who completed 8004 surveys. Utilizing an interrupted time series design, we examine changes in outcomes at six time points pre-pandemic onset (April 2017–October 2019) and two timepoints post-pandemic onset (October 2020 and April 2021). Results: The pandemic slowed the declining school enrollment rates but did not reverse the downward trend that started before the pandemic. The pandemic decreased the number of young people who were employed and increased the number of those who were disconnected from work and school. The pandemic increased the number of young people who reported having savings. Conclusion: Transition age foster youth needs access to employment and educational opportunities, which were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional resources are needed to ensure young people are connected to work and school. (Edited publisher abstract)
Re-referrals to Child Protective Services for children born to young parents
- Authors:
- BROWN Emily C.B., LOWRY Sarah J.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 123, 2022, p.105387.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Children of teenage parents are at increased risk for child maltreatment but there is limited information about the risks teenage parenthood poses for maltreatment recurrence after prior Child Protective Service (CPS) involvement. Objective: Determine whether children born to teenage parents are at increased risk of maltreatment re-referral to CPS compared to children born to older parents. Participants and setting: Children under 6 years with substantiated reports of parental maltreatment between 2002 and 2018 were identified from National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) data. Methods: Youngest known parental age at child's birth, in years, was categorized as <20, 20-24, 25-29, or ≥30 (referent group). The number of re-referrals within 5 years was the outcome of interest. Negative binomial regression analyses assessed whether being born to a teen parent was associated with a greater risk of re-referral. Results: In a study population of 2,680,961 children, having a teen parent, one aged 20–24 years, or 25–29 years at birth was associated with 19% (95% CI 1.18-1.19), 16% (95% CI 1.16-1.17), and 11% (95% CI 1.11-1.12) greater risk of re-referral compared to having a parent aged 30 years or older adjusting for child age, gender, race-ethnicity, state, and initial maltreatment type. Conclusion: The small, but significant increased risk for re-referral to CPS for child maltreatment in young children with at least one teenage or young parent at the time of birth compared to children with older parents suggests that specifically targeting young parents with appropriate services when initially referred to CPS may help reduce the risk of maltreatment recurrence. (Edited publisher abstract)
A scoping review of child grooming strategies: pre- and post-internet
- Authors:
- RINGENBERG Tatiana R., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 123, 2022, p.105392.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Researchers have studied the online sexual grooming of minors extensively since the early 2000s. However, the grooming process is neither new nor restricted to digital media. While grooming and child sexual abuse existed long before the Internet, the advent of the Internet has resulted in more ways in which offenders can interact with candidate victims including offline-only, online-only, and a mix of offline and online. Objective: This study conducted a scoping review of grooming strategies both pre- and post-Internet. Our goal was to enumerate strategies analysed in both time periods, provide similarities and differences, and discuss how changing datasets and technology have impacted the grooming process in both online and offline environments. Methods: a scoping review of peer-reviewed journal articles from 1970 to 2020 within PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, and ERIC. This resulted in 19,679 unique articles. Titles and abstracts were screened resulting in 266 articles which were then read in full, resulting in 93 papers which qualified based on inclusion criteria. Results: Grooming strategies identified pre-Internet included: enticements, coercion, isolation, substance abuse, gradual sexualization, and secrecy. In comparison, the strategies identified post-Internet were: enticements, risk assessment, trust, sexualization, fantasy, secrecy, isolation, meeting, media progression, deception, coercion, substance use as a tool, authority, and repetition. Conclusions: While grooming strategies overlapped pre and post-Internet, the timing and scope of concepts differed. Additionally, grooming offline began to incorporate technology post-Internet which functioned to increase accessibility and isolation of the victim in a similar manner to online grooming. (Edited publisher abstract)
Non-pharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in residential aged care settings: an umbrella review
- Authors:
- KOCH Jana, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Nursing Studies, early cite January 2022,
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms amongst people living with dementia in residential aged care is high. Their presence is associated with poorer quality of life for residents and higher burden of care for staff. Existing reviews have not focused on the evaluation of efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in specific population settings (community vs. residential aged care). Objectives: To determine the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in residential aged care settings. Design: An umbrella review was conducted. Data sources: PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched for eligible reviews in December 2019, February 2020 and June 2021. Methods: Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, and assessed full-text reviews for eligibility. The quality of reviews was appraised with ‘AMSTAR-2: A Measurement tool to assess systematic reviews’. Narrative summaries grouped findings by intervention domains. Results: From 1362 systematic reviews identified, 26 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 focused on person tailored interventions, six on sensory stimulation interventions, three on environmental interventions, three on exercise interventions, and four on multiple intervention types. Quality ratings identified reviews to be of mostly moderate quality (73%). The majority or reviews reported positive results but not all were statistically significant. Tailored interventions that included music and social elements appeared to be most beneficial for depressive symptoms and mood. Furthermore, outcome measures and intervention protocols were highly heterogeneous across interventions. Conclusions: The findings of this umbrella review suggest that combining different types of interventions and tailoring them to the personal experiences of the resident is recommended. A more standardised approach for outcome measures used is vital to assess efficacy and allow comparison of future non-pharmacological interventions. (Edited publisher abstract)
Factors contributing to level and type of child welfare involvement following prenatal substance exposure: a scoping review
- Authors:
- PEDDIREDDY Snigdha R., AUSTIN Anna E., GOTTFREDSON Nisha C.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 125, 2022, p.105484.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: An understanding of factors contributing to variation in child welfare outcomes in cases of prenatal substance exposure (PSE) can help identify gaps in research and practice and guide state and agency policy. Objective: To summarize the evidence base and identify critical gaps in the literature, the researchers conducted a scoping review regarding individual- and institutional-level factors associated with child welfare decision-marking across the service continuum and caregivers' perceptions of child welfare involvement in cases of PSE. Participants and setting: The sample included peer-reviewed studies based in the United States. Methods: conducted a comprehensive search of four databases for studies investigating 1) sociodemographic, behavioural, policy, or other factors contributing to variation in child welfare outcomes and 2) maternal, family, or provider perceptions of the child welfare process in cases of PSE. This study followed an established methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews. Results: Of the 23 articles included in the review, 20 explored variation in decision-making across the child welfare services continuum and three examined caregivers' perceptions of child welfare involvement. At the institutional level, provider characteristics, such as agency capacity, were linked to specific child welfare outcomes including reports and removals. At the individual level, factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and substance type were also associated with outcomes across the service continuum. Conclusions: Child welfare agencies use an unsystematic approach in addressing PSE, contributing to a variation in child welfare outcomes and potentially allowing for bias. This review highlights a need for increased resources and guidance for caseworkers. (Edited publisher abstract)
A sexual abuse case series of infants and toddlers by a professional caregiver: a qualitative analysis of parents' experiences during the initial crisis period post-discovery
- Authors:
- VAN DUIN Esther M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 125, 2022, p.105460.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: The discovery that one's child has been sexually abused may be one of the worst events a parent can experience. The importance of parental support for the recovery of child sexual abuse (CSA) victims emphasizes the need to gain insight in difficulties parents face after disclosure. Objective: To improve crisis intervention by exploring how parents of very young, mostly male CSA victims involved in a large unique CSA case, look back on their initial reactions after disclosure, the impact of media coverage, and their experiences with service responses during the immediate aftermath of CSA discovery. Participants and setting: We conducted 18 qualitative interviews with 21 parents enrolled in the longitudinal Amsterdam Sexual Abuse Case (ASAC) study. Methods: We used thematic analysis, combining a deductive and inductive approach. Results: We identified four themes regarding parents' initial experiences after disclosure: shock, uncertainty, roller coaster and survival mode. Four themes emerged regarding the impact of media coverage: vulnerable to exposure, fear that the child would recognize the suspect, no escape possible, and burden versus acknowledgement. Parents' experiences regarding the actions of professionals also generated four themes: stressful and confronting, need for support, need for information, and need for professional competence. Conclusions: Disclosure of extrafamilial CSA left parents in shock, affecting their sense of control. Media coverage exacerbated stress for many parents, although some also drew support from it. Actions of professionals defined by parents as helpful included: being supportive, compassionate, accessible, and competent, providing information, and promoting autonomy. Implications for professionals are discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Adversity in early childhood: long-term effects on early academic skills
- Authors:
- OERI Niamh, ROEBERS Claudia M.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 125, 2022, p.105507.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: The dimensional adversity model (McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016) proposes that deprivation and threat affect child development differently. However, empirical support for the dimensional adversity model stems predominately from adolescent samples. Objective: this study aimed to examine if deprivation and threat experiences in infancy have differential effects on pre-academic skills in early childhood. Furthermore, this study addressed the effect of chronic vs. temporary adversity exposure in infancy. Participants and Setting: The population-based sample consisted of 3481 infants (49% girls). New-borns and their families were followed longitudinally (6 months to 6 years of age). Methods: Based on parental information, this study computed four deprivation variables and three threat variables. Pre-academic cognitive and social-emotional skills were measured with a math and a vocabulary test and parental questionnaires on emotion regulation and behavioural problems. Results: Results showed that infant deprivation (but not threat) is negatively associated with math scores (β = −0.06) and language skills (β = −0.04) in kindergarten. However, infant threat and deprivation were both associated with behavioural problems (β = 0.06; β = 0.04) and emotion-regulation difficulties (β = 0.04; β = 0.03) in kindergarten. Analyses comparing chronic vs. temporary adversity exposure showed that chronic exposure was strongly related to all cognitive and social-emotional outcomes. Conclusions: this study found partial support for the differential effects of deprivation and threat on pre-academic skills. Furthermore, the results suggest that particularly chronic adversity poses a potential risk for development - across domains of cognition and emotions. (Edited publisher abstract)
Implementation of a screening tool for child sex trafficking among youth presenting to the emergency department - a quality improvement initiative
- Authors:
- PETERSON Loralie J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 125, 2022, p.105506.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Identification of sex-trafficked youth in the emergency department (ED) is difficult and routine screening is uncommon. Objectives: this Quality Improvement (QI) Project aimed to increase ED screening and identification of high-risk youth using the Short Screen for Child Sex Trafficking (SSCST). Participants: Youth (11 through 17 years) seeking care at two metropolitan EDs with a high-risk chief complaint triggering a best practice alert (BPA). Methods: A BPA prompted administration of the SSCST and referral of screen ‘positive’ youth for comprehensive evaluation for child sex trafficking by the forensic nurse examiner (FNE). Targeted QI interventions defined three study periods (SP). Outcomes measures included screening 50% of high-risk youth with 50% of those youth referred for FNE evaluation. Results: Over three study periods, 5454/13,956 (39.1%) youth triggered a BPA for high-risk chief complaint; 4354 (78.6%) received the SSCST screen; 1336 (76.0%) of screen-positive youth were referred for FNE evaluation. Outcomes measures were exceeded during all three study periods. SSCST modifications to increase specificity led to a significant decrease in the percentage of positive screens (42.8% SP1 vs 29.4% SP3). Financial programmatic support and further staff training led to an increase in FNE evaluations (86.4 SP3 vs 5.7% of referred youth SP1). Identification of trafficked patients increased from 1.3% of screen-positive youth to 11.3% (SP1 vs SP3; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Routine screening for child sex trafficking can be implemented in the ED setting and increases the identification of at-risk youth. (Edited publisher abstract)
Adverse experiences and mental health problems in perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Northern Ireland: a latent class analysis
- Authors:
- TRAVERS Aine, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 125, 2022, p.105455.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Trauma and adverse experiences among perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been associated with more serious patterns of offending. Objective: To examine 1) how traumatic and adverse experiences cluster together and co-occur among IPV perpetrators, and 2) whether different patterns of trauma exposure are associated with specific mental health problems. Participants and setting: The sample consisted of 405 convicted IPV perpetrators from Northern Ireland. Methods: Data was collected between 2018 and 2019. Latent class analysis identified typologies of exposure to traumatic and adverse experiences. A series of binary logistic regression analyses explored associations between the identified classes and five categories of probable mental health problems. Results: Three adversity classes were identified: a baseline class (59.2%), characterised by relatively low levels of exposure to most types of adversity; a ‘childhood adversity’ class (32.9%), with high levels of childhood adversity; and a ‘community violence and disadvantage’ class (7.9%), which had high probabilities of endorsing adversities related to economic hardship and community violence. Regression analyses showed that the childhood adversity class was significantly associated with increased likelihood of all categories of mental health problems, except for neurodevelopmental disorders (ORs = 1.77–3.25). The community violence and disadvantage class was significantly associated with probable mood and anxiety disorder (ORs 3.92 and 8.42, respectively). Conclusions: Different patterns of exposure to adversities were associated with distinct mental health problems in the present sample. Early intervention to prevent poly-victimisation, the clustering of adversities in childhood and the resulting accumulation of risk may be a useful component of preventive responses for IPV in Northern Ireland. (Edited publisher abstract)