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Adverse childhood experiences among youth aging out of foster care: a latent class analysis
- Authors:
- REBBE Rebecca, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 74, 2017, pp.108-116.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Research has demonstrated that youth who age out, or emancipate, from foster care face deleterious outcomes across a variety of domains in early adulthood. This article builds on this knowledge base by investigating the role of adverse childhood experience accumulation and composition on these outcomes. A latent class analysis was performed to identify three subgroups: Complex Adversity, Environmental Adversity, and Lower Adversity. Differences are found among the classes in terms of young adult outcomes in terms of socio-economic outcomes, psychosocial problems, and criminal behaviours. The results indicate that not only does the accumulation of adversity matter, but so does the composition of the adversity. These results have implications for policymakers, the numerous service providers and systems that interact with foster youth, and for future research. (Edited publisher abstract)
Food insecurity across the first five years: triggers of onset and exit
- Authors:
- JACKNOWITZ Alison, MORRISSEY Taryn, BRANNEGAN Andrew
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 53, 2015, pp.24-33.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Very low food security among young children is associated with developmental deficiencies. However, little is known about the factors that predict entry into or exit from very low food security during early childhood. This study seeks to: (1) understand the triggers that explain movements into or out of very low food security among children from birth to age five; (2) examine the first aim using different definitions of food insecurity. The analysis relies on the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study — Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a longitudinal, nationally representative dataset of approximately 10,700 children in the USA, to estimate linear probability models. Results suggest that residential moves and declines in maternal or child health are associated with transitioning into food insecurity, whereas increases in the number of adults in the household are associated with exits from food insecurity. Changes in income and maternal depression are associated with both entrances and exits. (Publisher abstract)
Adult well-being of foster care alumni: comparisons to other child welfare recipients and a non-child welfare sample in a high-risk, urban setting
- Authors:
- MERSKY Joshua P., JANCZEWSKI Colleen
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 35(3), 2013, pp.367-376.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Data from an economically disadvantaged, urban cohort (the Chicago Longitudinal Study) were used to examine whether foster care is associated with decreased educational and economic attainments as well as increased criminality in adulthood. Individuals who were placed in foster care after an indicated allegation of maltreatment were compared to three naturally occurring groups: (a) maltreatment victims who did not reside in foster care, (b) individuals without an indicated maltreatment allegation who were raised in a household with a Child Protective Services (CPS) record, and (c) individuals without an individual or household record of CPS involvement. Using multiple estimation procedures, it was found that all participants with a CPS record fared worse in adulthood than their peers without a CPS record. Despite their poor outcomes, foster children functioned as well as other CPS recipients who did not reside in foster care. Findings indicate that caution is warranted when attributing dysfunction observed in foster children to the effects of foster care. Risks prior to CPS involvement should also be considered as predictors of long-term well-being. Implications for prevention and intervention within the context of child welfare are discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Disentangling substantiation: the influence of race, income, and risk on the substantiation decision in child welfare
- Author:
- DETTLAFF Alan J.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 33(9), September 2012, pp.1630-1637.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Using data from the Texas child welfare system this study aims to identify the factors contributing to disparities in decision making that leads to an overrepresentation of African American children in the care system in the US. Given the relationship between poverty and child maltreatment, the analyses control for the effect of family income, as well as other factors related to maltreatment, to better understand the effect of race on this decision-making point. Findings indicate that when family income is controlled, race is not a significant factor in the substantiation decision. However, when also controlling for caseworker perceptions of risk, race emerges as the stronger explanatory factor. This suggests not only an important relationship between race, income, and risk assessment, but also that disproportionality in the child welfare system is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by a single factor. These results further demonstrate that the effect of racial bias on decision-making remains an important consideration in understanding the overrepresentation of African American children.
Do parental assets matter for children's educational attainment? Evidence from mediation tests
- Authors:
- KIM Youngmi, SHERRADEN Michael
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6), June 2011, pp.969-979.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
While parental economic status has a bearing on a child’s educational success, it does not explain all variations in educational outcomes. This study examined the effects of parental assets on children's educational attainment, and the mediating roles played by parental involvement, child's educational expectations, and child's self-esteem. Data was drawn from the Child and Young Adult data supplement to the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979, and included a sample of 632. Findings revealed that parental assets were associated with children's educational attainment. Financial assets and home-ownership were significantly associated with high school completion and college attendance. Non-financial assets and income were predictors of college degree attainment. Educational expectations mediated the effect of financial assets on high school completion. The authors concluded that asset-building programmes to promote long-term educational attainment are required.
Parental income, assets, borrowing constraints and children's post-secondary education
- Authors:
- HUANG Jin, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 32(4), April 2010, pp.585-594.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Two theoretical models that link parental economic resources to children's post-secondary education are tested using data from a sample six hundred and fifty young adults in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The models cover short-term borrowing constraints and long-term family background. To further understand the role of parental resources in children's education, analyses are conducted for both income and assets, with assets measured by liquid assets and net worth. Results show that both income and assets have consistent long-term associations with children's entry into higher education. When measures of household wealth are incorporated in the analysis, the hypothesis of short-term borrowing constraints is also supported. Implications for research and policy are considered. In conclusion, the authors suggest that because the long-term effects of family backgrounds may result in educational inequalities, inclusive and progressive asset building programmes are called for to account for the difference in savings between average and low income families.
The contribution of smoking and obesity to income-related inequalities in health in England
- Authors:
- VALLEJO-TORRES Laura, MORRIS Stephen
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 71(6), September 2010, pp.1189-1198.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Reducing inequalities in health is a priority in many health care systems, including the NHS. This paper measures the contribution of smoking and obesity to income-related inequality in health. The corrected concentration index is used to measure inequality across time and areas of England, to quantify the contribution of smoking and obesity to income-related inequality. Data from nine rounds of the Health Survey for England (1998–2006) is used. Findings indicate that there were significant income-related health inequalities in England. The degree of inequality varies by region, and in some areas it has increased over time. Nationally, smoking and obesity make a significant but modest contribution to income-related inequality in health. Despite the reduced prevalence of smoking, the contribution of smoking has slightly increased over time, due to its increasing concentration among the poor and its negative effect on health. However, while obesity is increasing, it is more equally distributed across society. The authors concluded that while the prevalence of these problems varies between areas, so does the contribution they make to income-related inequalities in health.
Long-term economic costs of psychological problems during childhood
- Authors:
- SMITH James Patrick, SMITH Gillian C.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 71(1), July 2010, pp.110-115.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) which has prospectively gathered demographic and economic data from groups of siblings and their parents for up to 40 years was used to assess the long-term economic impact of psychological problems during childhood. A retrospective child health history designed by the author was placed in the 2007 PSID wave measuring whether respondents had any of 14 childhood physical illnesses or suffered from depression, substance abuse, or other psychological conditions. Ordinary least squares and fixed effects within-sibling models were used to estimate adult socioeconomic status outcomes. There were 2457 respondents. Six percent of respondents reported some psychological condition during childhood, 4% mentioned childhood depression, one in 50 cited alcohol or drug abuse, and 2% mentioned other psychological problems as a child. Large effects were found on the ability of affected children to work and earn as adults. Educational accomplishments were diminished and adult family incomes were estimated to be reduced by 20% or $10,400 per year with $18,000 less family household assets. Lost income was partly a consequence of an estimated average seven fewer weeks worked per year. There was also an 11% lower probability of being married. Controlling for physical childhood diseases showed that these effects were not due to the co-existence of psychological and physical diseases, and estimates controlling for within-sibling differences demonstrated that these effects were not due to unobserved common family differences. The authors conclude that the long-term economic damages of childhood psychological problems are large.
Child maltreatment and adult socioeconomic well-being
- Author:
- ZIELINSKI David S.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(10), October 2009, pp.666-678.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The nationally representative National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) data was analysed to find out whether any form of maltreatment in childhood affected employment status, income and healthcare coverage in adulthood. Factors, which could have affected this relationship, including race sex, age and indicators of childhood socioeconomic status, were included as covariates in the logistic regression models used for the analysis. The results showed that adults who had experienced maltreatment differed significantly from those who had not been maltreated across each of the socioeconomic domains examined. Effects were also found to differ depending on the number of types of maltreatments experienced. Low socioeconomic status among parents has also been found as a key risk factor for the perpetration of maltreatment. It is argued that there is a substantial societal cost from this problem through lost economic productivity and increased social funding. The findings should encourage policy makers to focus on improving prevention, intervention and treatment efforts for victims of abuse and neglect.
The role of socioeconomic indicators on non-alcohol and alcohol-associated suicide mortality among women in Finland. A registered-based follow-up study of 12 million person-years
- Authors:
- MAKI Netta, MARTIKAINEN P.
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 68(12), June 2009, pp.2161-2169.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study was to analyse the effects and interrelationships of three socioeconomic indicators – education, occupation-based social class and income – on non-alcohol and alcohol-associated suicide mortality among women in Finland. The register data used comprised the 1990 census records linked to the death register for the years 1991–2001 for women who were 25–64 years old in 1990. Adjusted relative mortality rates and the relative index of inequality (RII) were estimated using Poisson regression. The study population experienced 1926 suicides, of which 563 (29%) had alcohol intoxication as a contributory cause. The age-adjusted effects of education on non-alcohol associated suicide were modest, while social class and income related inversely and strongly. The effect of social class was partly mediated by income, and social class explained income differences to some extent. The associations between these socioeconomic indicators and alcohol-associated suicide were stronger, and following adjustment for each other large effects were left for education, social class and income. Further adjustment for living arrangements had little effect on socioeconomic differences in both types of suicide, but practically all of the effects of income and some of education and social class were mediated by employment status. In conclusion, current material factors are hardly the main underlying drivers of socioeconomic differences in suicide among Finnish women. Low social class proved to be an important determinant of suicide risk, but the strong independent effect of education on alcohol-associated suicide indicates that the roots of these differences are probably established in early adulthood when educational qualifications are obtained and health-behavioural patterns set.