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Material hardship among custodial grandparents in COVID-19 and its associations with Grandchildren’s physical and mental health: a latent class analysis
- Authors:
- XU Yanfeng, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 132, 2021, p.106340.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
COVID-19 has increased economic hardship for many families, including custodial grandparent-headed families. This study aims to examine latent classes of material hardship among custodial grandparent-headed families, to assess predictors associated with identified classes, and to investigate associations with grandchildren’s physical and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey was administered via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020. The sample comprised of 362 grandparents. Latent class analysis and multinomial and binary logistic regression were conducted. Three latent classes of material hardship were identified: Class 1 low overall hardship with high medical hardship, class 2 moderate overall hardship with high utility hardship, and class 3 severe overall hardship. Factors, including race, household income, labor force status, years of care, and financial assistance status, were associated with class membership. Class 2 was significantly associated with grandchildren’s physical health. The findings suggest that material hardship is heterogeneous among custodial grandparents during COVID-19, and children in households experiencing utility hardship have a higher risk for poorer physical health outcomes. Results highlight the need to meet grandparents’ material needs and call for future research to examine possible mechanisms that explain the link between material hardship and grandchildren’s outcomes. (Edited publisher abstract)
Health and financial costs of adverse childhood experiences in 28 European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Authors:
- HUGHES Karen, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Lancet Public Health, 6(11), 2021, pp.e848-e857.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased health risks across the life course. We aimed to estimate the annual health and financial burden of ACEs for 28 European countries. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Criminal Justice Databases, and Education Resources Information Center for quantitative studies (published Jan 1, 1990, to Sept 8, 2020) that reported prevalence of ACEs and risks of health outcomes associated with ACEs. Pooled relative risks were calculated for associations between ACEs and harmful alcohol use, smoking, illicit drug use, high body-mass index, depression, anxiety, interpersonal violence, cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and respiratory disease. Country-level ACE prevalence was calculated using available data. Country-level population attributable fractions (PAFs) due to ACEs were generated and applied to 2019 estimates of disability-adjusted life-years. Financial costs (US$ in 2019) were estimated using an adapted human capital approach. Findings: In most countries, interpersonal violence had the largest PAFs due to ACEs (range 14·7-53·5%), followed by harmful alcohol use (15·7-45·0%), illicit drug use (15·2-44·9%), and anxiety (13·9%-44·8%). Harmful alcohol use, smoking, and cancer had the highest ACE-attributable costs in many countries. Total ACE-attributable costs ranged from $0·1 billion (Montenegro) to $129·4 billion (Germany) and were equivalent to between 1·1% (Sweden and Turkey) and 6·0% (Ukraine) of nations’ gross domestic products. Interpretation: Availability of ACE data varies widely between countries and country-level estimates cannot be directly compared. However, findings suggest ACEs are associated with major health and financial costs across European countries. The cost of not investing to prevent ACEs must be recognised, particularly as countries look to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, which interrupted services and education, and potentially increased risk factors for ACEs. (Edited publisher abstract)
Screening decisions for non-abuse concerns reported to child protection agencies- a structural equation model for referral content and decision outcome
- Authors:
- VIS Svein Arild, LAURITZEN Camilla, FLUKE John
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 129, 2021, p.106173.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Objectives: Child protection referrals that contain information about incidents of physical child abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence have a high chance of being screened in for investigation. The aim of the current study is to investigate which case factors that affect the decision to screen-in cases with other types of concerns. Method: A sample of referrals (N = 1365) to child protection services in Norway was randomly drawn. Information was collected regarding (i) child and family characteristics, (ii) the content of the referral (iii) the decision to investigate. A structural equation model that describe how case characteristics and the contents of the report influence the screening decision was estimated. Results: Non abuse-concerns were grouped in three latent variables. The first consisted of referrals that contained concerns about a wide range of problems related to the child’s health and development. The second consisted of referrals that contained concerns about parental conflicts and child safety. The third consisted of concerns related to different types of family and environmental risk factors. Families with immigrant background have an increased chance of being screened-in, irrespective of referral content. Cases with previous referrals have a decreased chance of being screened-in. Conclusions: When controlling for other case factors, more complex referrals with multiple concerns have increased chance of being screened in. (Edited publisher abstract)
Supporting mother-infant dyads impacted by prenatal substance exposure
- Authors:
- DEUTSCH Stephanie Anne, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 129, 2021, p.106191.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Improving health and well-being of mothers, infants, and children represents a national public health priority, with emphasis placed on understanding how environmental and social determinants (access to quality health care, education, employment, economic opportunities, social support, and resource availability) influence maternal health behaviors and infant-child well-being. Substance use during pregnancy is a predominant maternal-infant health risk; many affected mother-infant dyads also face co-occurring psychosocial adversities, often necessitating social services-based interventions. Best practices to support infants exposed to substances across the medical, mental health, substance use, and social service sectors have historically been affected by heterogeneity of dyad needs, varied stakeholder perspectives, and limited cross-sector resource availability. Recent legislative changes designating a universal, family-centered, non-punitive, and supportive social services-based approach toward affected mother-infant dyads, known as Plans of Safe Care, offer a potential solution to comprehensively address diverse needs. This narrative review discusses current public health-based efforts and novel implementation of federally-funded family support programs, including Plans of Safe Care and Family First legislation, to address the multiple health and psychosocial adversities facing prenatally substance exposed mother-infant dyads. Opportunities for future research, including analysis of the impact of Plans of Safe Care and other policy interventions on dyad health and safety outcomes is explored. (Edited publisher abstract)
Disability and Health Journal
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
A scientific, scholarly, and multidisciplinary journal for reporting original contributions that advance knowledge in disability and health. Topics may be related to global health, quality of life, and specific health conditions as they relate to disability. Articles from this journal are abstracted and indexed selectively on Social Care Online.
The association between adverse childhood experiences and young adult outcomes: a scoping study
- Authors:
- PARK Eonju, LEE Jaegoo, HAN Jisu
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 123, 2021, p.105916.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Study aims: This scoping study presents the current status of evidence for young adult outcomes associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and identifies knowledge gaps in the literature. Methods: Articles were eligible for review if they were published in peer-reviewed journals between 2010 and 2020, were written in English, and reported original empirical research on the impact of ACEs on young adults ages 18–25. Forty-two articles were selected for full review. Results: Most ACEs instruments included categories of child abuse and family dysfunction; events that occurred in the child’s social environment were less likely to be considered. Prevalence of ACEs varied widely across studies. Prominent young adult outcomes associated with ACEs were mental health problems and substance use. Approximately one third of the reviewed studies examined either mediators or moderators in the relationship between ACEs and young adult outcomes. Conclusion: It is important to obtain clear consensus on the conceptual meaning and components of ACEs. Future studies employing various research methods, such as a longitudinal design, mixed methods, or complex path models, may enhance understanding of how ACEs impact young adult outcomes and what factors might play a role in these relationships. (Edited publisher abstract)
A multi-tiered systems of support blueprint for re-opening schools following COVID-19 shutdown
- Authors:
- KEARNEY Christopher A., CHILDS Joshua
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 2021, p.105919.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The COVID-19 pandemic will create enormous disruptions for youth and families with respect to economic and health status, social relationships, and education for years to come. The process of closing and intermittently reopening schools adds to this disruption and creates confusion for parents and school officials who must balance student educational progress with health and safety concerns. One framework that may serve as a roadmap in this regard is a multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) model. This article briefly addresses four main domains of functioning (adjustment, traumatic stress, academic status, health and safety) across three tiers of support (universal, targeted, intensive). Each section draws on existing literature bases to provide specific recommendations for school officials who must address various and changing logistical, academic, and health-based challenges. The recommendations are designed to be flexible given fluctuations in the current crisis as well as focused on maximum-value targets. An MTSS approach adapted for contemporary circumstances can also be used to help address longstanding disparities that have been laid bare by the pandemic. (Edited publisher abstract)
Effective implementation approaches for healthy ageing interventions for older people: a rapid review
- Authors:
- OWUSU-ADDO Ebenezer, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 92, January-February 2021, p.104263.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background and objectives: Systematic reviews on healthy ageing interventions have primarily focused on assessing their effectiveness, not the implementation processes underpinning them, and the factors influencing program effectiveness. This has created a knowledge gap about what are effective implementation approaches, and how to scale up such interventions at the population level. Our aim in this rapid review was to synthesise the evidence on implementation of effective healthy ageing interventions, and to identify the factors that influence population-level implementation of these interventions. Design and methods: Following the PRISMA checklist, the researchers searched for papers in six databases: Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycArticles and PsycINFO. A narrative synthesis was used to summarise the results. Results: Twenty-nine articles reporting on 21 healthy ageing interventions (studies) were included in the review. The findings show that a wide range of approaches to implementation were used including collaborative partnership, co-design, use of volunteers, person centred-care, and self-directed/professional-led approaches. The key implementation drivers were the use of behavioural change techniques, social interaction, tailoring of interventions, booster sessions, and multi-component and multi-professional team approach to intervention design and delivery. Conclusion: The effectiveness of healthy ageing interventions is contingent on a number of factors including the type of implementation approaches used, the context in which programs are implemented, and the specific mechanisms that may be at play at the individual older adult level. (Edited publisher abstract)
Differing trajectories of adversity over the life course: implications for adult health and well-being
- Authors:
- HAJAT Anjum, NURIUS Paula, SONG Chiho
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 102, 2020, p.104392.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), can give rise to long-term mental and physical health consequences as well as additional stressors later in the life course. This study aims to examine differing profiles of trajectories of adversity over the life course and investigate their association with socioeconomic and health outcomes. Methods: This study used population representative data from the Washington State 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System BRFSS survey n = 7953. Six ACE items were paired with six Adverse Adulthood Experience AAE items in respondents’ adulthood that parallel the ACE e.g. physical abuse in childhood and physical victimization in adulthood. This study applied latent class analysis to identify distinct trajectories of adversity; then tested for differences across trajectories in terms of demographic, socioeconomic, and health measures. Results: Six latent classes were identified: individuals with high AAE: (1. Consistently High, 2. Substance Abuse and Incarceration, 3. Adult Interpersonal Victimization) and individuals with low AAE (4. Repeat Sexual Victimization, 5. High to Low, and 6. Consistently Low). The Consistently High group had the highest prevalence of ACE and AAE and fared poorly across wide ranging outcomes. Other groups displayed specific patterns of ACE and AAE exposures (including salient subgroups such as those with incarceration exposure) as well as differences in demographic characteristics, illustrating disparities. Conclusions: Subgroup analyses such as this are complementary to population generalized findings. Understanding differences in life course patterns of adversity can shed light on interventions in earlier life and better target service provision to promote health and well-being. (Edited publisher abstract)
Physical activity interventions to improve the health of children and adolescents in out of home care – a systematic review of the literature
- Authors:
- WILSON Brendan, BARNETT Lisa M.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 2020, p.104765.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Of the substantial literature on interventions to improve the poor health of children in out of home care, little focuses on lifestyle factors such as physical activity. This review identifies if physical activity interventions are effective for this population, and if so which type of activity and for what health outcomes. A systematic review of 14 social science and physical activity databases was conducted in November 2019. Included articles examined the effect of a physical activity intervention on any health or wellbeing outcome, for children or adolescents under 20 years of age whose primary condition for admission to care was abuse, neglect or parental incapacity. A final 12 studies were identified, dated from 1989 to 2019, covering nine countries and with a mix of designs; eight Randomised Control Trials (RCT’s), three single group trials and one qualitative study. Most interventions showed benefit, with the best evidence for rhythmic movement on visual motor integration and behaviour, yoga in relation to balance, flexibility and muscle strength, and initiative or general recreation activities for self-concept, self-efficacy and general psychological temperament. However, for some studies the effect may be moderated by other co-occurring interventions, like group social activities. Further research is required before these results could be confidently generalised across different settings, with particular gaps in relation to children and young people residing in foster or kinship care and for studies examining the effect of sports participation. The results of this review indicate that physical activity could be an effective intervention to address health concerns for children in out of home care and should therefore be considered in policies and program design. It is important to note that specific types of activity could not yet confidently be recommended over others. (Publisher abstract)