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Neglect subtypes in relation to rereport and foster care entry outcomes
- Authors:
- CHIANG Chien-Jen, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 123, 2022, p.105433.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: There have been mixed findings on whether neglect increases the risk of re-report and foster care entry compared with other child maltreatment types. Studies suggest that child neglect can be broken into subtypes which, in turn, may lead to different child welfare outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the re-report and foster care entry outcomes varied by child maltreatment type, specifically the subtypes of neglect. Participants and setting: Data were derived from a regional longitudinal study with linked CPS and state-level administrative data. Participants (n = 4867) included children with reports of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and six neglect subtypes. Cox regression models were used to assess the probability of recurrence and foster care entry outcomes. Results: Most neglect subtypes were more likely to be re-reported than physical abuse and sexual abuse, and physical neglect was more likely to be re-reported than lack of supervision (HR = 1.20). Children reported for physical neglect was more likely to be placed in foster care than children with reports of physical abuse and other subtypes of neglect. Conclusions: This study provides new insight on whether families with child neglect allegations are at increased risk of re-report or foster care entry outcomes compared with other child maltreatment allegations. Given the significant individual, system, and societal costs of neglect, we hope this study facilitates rigorous investigation of child neglect and the potentially modifiable factors or targets for intervening to prevent the re-report of child maltreatment and foster care entry. (Edited publisher abstract)
Protective factors against child neglect among families in poverty
- Author:
- SATTLER Kierra M.P.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 124, 2022, p.105438.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Despite neglect being the most common form of maltreatment, it is still understudied relative to other maltreatment types. Further, there is limited evidence on mechanisms through which to prevent child neglect and on mechanisms that might buffer the risk of poverty. Objective: The current study estimated how different protective factors decreased subtypes of neglect, both physical and supervisory, across early childhood and in relation to poverty. Participants and setting: The final sample included 2980 mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Methods: The current study used linear regressions in a structural equation modeling framework to estimate how protective factors at years 1 and 3 were related to neglectful parenting at years 3 and 5, as well as whether protective factors buffered the association between poverty and neglect. Results: Mothers' perceived instrumental social support, part-time employment, and full-time employment were associated with less physical neglect at both time points (β range from −0.15 to −0.05; all p < 0.05). Perceived instrumental social support was also related to less supervisory neglect at both times (β = −0.05, p < 0.05 for both times). Perceived instrumental social support significantly moderated the association between poverty at year 1 and physical neglect at year 3 (β = 0.06, p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings provide important information to practitioners and policymakers on potential mechanisms to reduce neglect, as well as reducing neglect among economically disadvantaged families. (Edited publisher abstract)
Outcomes of the Parent Advocacy Initiative in child safety conferences: placement and repeat maltreatment
- Authors:
- LALAYANTS Marina, WYKA Katarzyna, SAITADZE Inga
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 130, 2021, p.106241.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
In the past years, peer support programs in child welfare have been used to increase family participation in the case decision-making, give voice to parents, promote parent engagement with services, and ultimately improve child and family outcomes. These programs employ peers, who are parents with lived child welfare system experience, and who offer advocacy and support to parents presently involved in the system. The current study examined the impact of one such intervention, Parent Advocacy Initiative in Initial Child Safety Conferences at the New York City Administration for Children’s Services, on case outcomes of families served by parent advocates as part of this intervention. A multivariable analysis compared cases receiving the intervention (calendar year 2016; n = 3224) to cases from pre-intervention period—prior to the Initiative implementation (calendar year 2013; n = 5598) and cases not receiving the intervention in 2016 (n = 3450), to determine whether the presence of a parent advocate was associated with positive case outcomes, such as (a) reduced foster care placements and (b) reduced or unchanged rates of repeat indicated maltreatment investigations within six months of initial investigation. The results revealed that the rates of out-of-home placements significantly decreased, and children remained at home at higher rates when a parent advocate was present at the conference. Whenever out-of-home placement was recommended, placements in non-relative foster care significantly decreased and kinship care placements increased. The rate of repeat indicated maltreatment investigations within six months was unchanged. The results demonstrate that parent advocacy could have a significant impact on placement decisions and thus improve the outcomes of children and families. Study implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Family outcomes in alternative response: a multilevel analysis of recurrence
- Authors:
- SHIPE Stacey L., URETSKY Mathew C., SHAW Terry V.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 132, 2021, p.106283.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Alternative response (AR) is preventative, family-centered, strengths-based approach within child protective services (CPS). When AR is offered it typically creates a two-track system where low- to moderate-risk families are not subjected to a traditional, fact-finding response that concludes with a determination of child abuse/neglect. One area that continues to concern child welfare administrators and researchers is recurrence, or when a family returns to CPS. Yet, it is unclear whether AR families have the same or different predictors of recurrence than TR families. Using a multilevel analytic approach, the present study followed 17,741 families in one mid-Atlantic state for 18-months post-response to determine what child, family, and county-level predicted a reported re-investigation and a substantiated re-investigation. This study found few differences in predictors at the child and family level but found distinct differences at the county level for AR families. Recommendations are provided for policy, practice, and research, including a suggestion for further inquiry on what makes an optimal AR track. (Edited publisher abstract)
Family members’ perspectives of child protection services, a metasynthesis of the literature
- Authors:
- BEKAERT S, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 128, 2021, p.106094.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This metasynthesis brings together what is known about family members’ perspectives of their relationship with social care practitioners as a starting point for developing a pan-European training resource for practitioners. Four databases were searched for qualitative literature with search terms relating to family members and social care practitioners. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 studies were critically appraised and were included in the metasynthesis. Three broad themes were identified through a thematic analysis of the studies’ findings: family members’ perspectives of the system; perceptions of how they were viewed by their worker; and view of their worker. The following aspects are discussed: whether partnership between family and worker is possible within a legal framework; the detrimental effects of cultural bias; and practical foundations for building trust. Recommendations are made for practical support, reflection on cultural practice and broader service provision. (Edited publisher abstract)
The intersection of child welfare services and public assistance: an analysis of dual-system involvement and successful family preservation completion on a maltreatment re-report
- Authors:
- SIMON James David, D’ANDRADE Amy, HSU Hsun-Ta
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 127, 2021, p.106075.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Families involved in child welfare services (CWS) and public social services simultaneously, known as dual-system families, have been shown to be at higher risk for repeat child abuse and neglect compared to CWS-only families, yet few studies have examined these families’ characteristics and whether programs like Family Preservation (FP) might help protect their children from a re-report to CPS. Using administrative data on families receiving FP between January 2013 and December 2014 (including a subset of dual-system families), we examined the effect of demographic characteristics and successful FP completion on a maltreatment re-report between 2013 and 2017. Dual-system families differed from CWS-only families on demographics including mother’s age, child race/ethnicity, and child age. Controlling for demographics, multivariable survival analyses revealed that dual-system involvement was associated with increased risk of a re-report while successful FP completion was associated with decreased risk of a re-report. An interaction effect of dual-system involvement by FP completion was tested but not significant, and the effect of FP completion was similar for CWS-only families and dual-system families. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of dual-system families and suggest that successful FP completion can help protect against the risk of a maltreatment re-report for both dual-system families and CWS-only families. (Edited publisher abstract)
How does COVID-19 impact intrafamilial child sexual abuse? Comparison analysis of reports by practitioners in Israel and the US
- Authors:
- TENER Dafna, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 2021, p.104779.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: There is consensus in child sexual abuse (CSA) literature that intrafamilial child sexual abuse (IFCSA) has a tremendous impact on children and families while simultaneously creating challenges for practitioners. COVID-19 impacted countries worldwide and generated a global crisis resulting in impacts on daily life, however, it’s effect on IFCSA is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to compare professional perspectives and experiences working with IFCSA with respect to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic within the United States and Israel. Participants and setting: Participants were therapeutic, child welfare and legal professionals, who provided services to children involved in IFCSA. Methods: This qualitative cross-cultural comparative study analyzes professional experiences of IFCSA during COVID-19 based on an open-ended questionnaire answered online, with 37 responses from the US and 23 responses from Israel. Results: Findings reveal mostly negative changes in the dynamics of IFCSA families during COVID-19, including financial, environmental, and emotional hardships, as well as some positive changes in the relationships among family members. In terms of professional interventions, concerns were raised that COVID-19 has been detrimental to the disclosure of IFCSA, with plummeting child abuse reports. Further, risk and benefits of transferring to internet based or telephonic therapeutic interventions were shared. Conclusions: Governmental and community efforts are needed to develop a safety net of protective factors to reduce IFCSA risks and increase resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic and future global crises. Moreover, enhanced strategies to accessing and supporting families remotely such as using technology could improve identification and response to IFCSA. (Edited publisher abstract)
A review of parent- and family-based prevention efforts for adolescent dating violence
- Authors:
- DOUCETTE Hannah, COLLIBEE Charlene, RIZZO Christie J.
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 2021, p.101548.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Prevention efforts for adolescent dating violence (ADV) have largely focused on adolescent-based interventions with little emphasis on parent- and family-based interventions, despite the integral role parents serve in adolescent relationship development. This literature review provides an overview of the existing parent- and family-based intervention efforts for ADV. This review highlights that some programs are geared toward a universal audience, whereas others are more targeted toward populations believed to be at greater risk for ADV. Some programs primarily target parents, whereas others integrate parent-based components into primarily adolescent-focused or comprehensive programs. Aspects to consider when selecting a program are discussed, as well as future directions. Suggested future directions involve broadening existing parent- and family-based programming for ADV to include a focus on secondary and tertiary prevention, gender differences, and gender and sexual minorities. This review also highlights the need for existing programs to expand their evaluation of behavioral outcomes and comparison of programs to one another. (Edited publisher abstract)
Impact of the Great Recession on mental health, substance use and violence in families with children: a systematic review of the evidence
- Authors:
- HIILAMO Aapo, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 2021, p.105772.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Objectives: This review summarises the existing evidence on the effects of the Great Recession on mental health, substance use and violence in families with children and discusses the policy and service-system implications of this evidence. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2010 and August 2020 were identified through a systematic search of the main scientific databases, citation records, and manual searches of individual journal sites. Studies focusing on children, or their parents, that included an exposure variable measuring the Great Recession and had an outcome related to mental health, substance use or violence were included. A risk of bias assessment and narrative synthesis were provided. Results: In total 40 studies were analysed. Most of the studies were deemed to have a moderate risk of bias (29), nine had a high risk of bias and two had a low risk of bias. High-quality studies provided evidence that the economic recession of 2008 (termed ‘the Great Recession’ in this paper) did hurt children’s mental wellbeing. The evidence regarding substance use in families with children was scarce but there were some indications that the recession increased drug and alcohol use among economically vulnerable subgroups. Studies with individual level data from the US showed that the Great Recession increased the risk of child maltreatment, but little evidence of this was found in several ecological and population level time-trend analyses. Implications: Counter-cyclical investments in and further integration of social, education and health services targeted not only at adults but also at families with children are crucial in alleviating human suffering in economic recessions. Subsequent research with the combination of high-quality individual and aggregated level data is warranted to assess the potential effects of recessions on substance use and violence in families with children. During the unprecedented economic changes following the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to monitor timely mental health, substance use and violence in families at risk. (Edited publisher abstract)
Staying connected during COVID-19: family engagement with adults with developmental disabilities in supported accommodation
- Authors:
- ARATEN-BERGMAN Tal, SHPIGELMAN Carmit-Noa
- Journal article citation:
- Research in Developmental Disabilities, 108, 2021, p.103812.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Enduring family engagement and informal support is crucial to the health and well-being of adults with developmental disabilities (DD) residing in supported accommodation. The COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures enforced in residential settings have resulted in changes in daily routine and modified the ways families can interact with and provide support to residents. Yet, the impact of these changes has not been empirically explored. Aim: Explore how family caregivers have interacted with and supported their relatives with DD residing in supported accommodation during the pandemic. Methods: Changes in frequencies of communication modes and types of informal support were measured through a cross‐sectional and anonymous online survey which completed by 108 family caregivers of adults with DD. Results: Most family caregivers adopted remote communication technologies; however, these were not perceived to be effective in filling the gap created by reduced face-to-face contact. While families were able to provide emotional support and advocacy using digital technologies, they were limited in their ability to provide significant social support. Conclusions: Findings may help key stakeholders develop and implement novel strategies and policies to accommodate the changing circumstances and to ensure continuity of family engagement and informal support in the context of COVID-19. (Edited publisher abstract)