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Animal-assisted activities in the classroom for students with emotional and behavioral disorders
- Authors:
- KNOWLES Christen, SHANNON Eric N., LIND John R.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 131, 2021, p.106290.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Educators working with students with emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD) often search for high-interest approaches to enhance evidence-informed practices already in place. The integration of animal-assisted activities (AAA) may be a novel and flexible approach with the potential to support a variety of student goals, in particular for students with emotional or behavioural challenges. This paper provides a brief overview of AAAs across therapeutic, medical, and educational contexts followed by suggestions to design, implement, and monitor an AAA in one’s classroom. (Edited publisher abstract)
The association between early reports to Child Protective Services and developmental trajectories through middle childhood
- Authors:
- CHANDLER Caroline E., SHANAHAN Meghan E., HALPERN Carolyn T.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 122, 2021, p.105303.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Longitudinal studies on resilience among children who have experienced maltreatment indicate that resilience is multi-dimensional. However, most research consolidates diverse developmental domains comprising resilience into a single score, which does not allow for detection of potentially heterogeneous associations between risk factors and outcomes of resilience processes. Objective: This study seeks to improve our understanding of the association between early child maltreatment and development through middle childhood (6–12 years) using individual domains considered to be outcomes of resilience processes. Participants and setting: Participants are 499 children from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Methods: This study used latent growth curve models to explore patterns of socialization and daily living skills, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors – outcomes of resilience processes – across three time points in middle childhood, and their association with early maltreatment, defined as referral to Child Protective Services (CPS) before age 6. Results: In fully adjusted models, children experiencing early maltreatment had poorer baseline scores in activities of daily living (−4.22, 95% CI [−7.38, −1.46]) and externalizing behavior (2.95, 95% CI [1.05, 4.86]), but maltreatment was not associated with change over time in these domains. However, maltreatment was associated with increases in internalizing behavior over time (0.42, 95% CI [0.06, 0.77]). Conclusion: Heterogeneity in patterns of association between maltreatment and outcomes of resilience processes support the utility of examining developmental domains individually, versus as a composite, to identify specific targets for intervention. (Edited publisher abstract)
Strategies and interventions to reduce or manage refusals in personal care in dementia: a systematic review
- Authors:
- BACKHOUSE Tamara, et al
- Journal article citation:
- International Journal of Nursing Studies, 109, 2020, p.103640.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Refusals of care in dementia are common and can create difficult situations for caregivers. Little is known about the best way to manage them. Aim: To identify possible strategies and interventions to reduce or cope with refusals of care in dementia, and determine the evidence for these. Methods: This study searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, AMED and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases August 2018, with an updated search August 2019. An additional lateral search was conducted. Two researchers screened all records for potential eligibility and quality. Narrative synthesis was used to combine the findings. Results: Out of the 5953 records identified, 36 articles, relating to 30 studies, met the eligibility criteria. Twenty-eight of the studies (93%) were set in long-term care facilities, one in a psychogeriatric unit and one with community dwelling people. Fourteen out of the 30 studies focussed on general or mixed care activities, 8 bathing, 4 mealtimes, 2 medication administration, and 2 mouth care. Strategies or interventions identified as potential ways to reduce refusals included: music interventions, interaction and communication style, caregiver approach, bathing techniques, abilities focussed approaches, distraction approaches, and video-simulated presence of a loved one. There was most evidence for music interventions and different bathing techniques, and interaction and communication styles were associated with reduced refusals. There was no evidence that slow-stroke massage (mixed care activities) or aromatherapy (mixed care activities and medication administration) reduced refusals of care. Conclusions: Some non-pharmacological interventions can reduce, but not eliminate, refusals of care, such as playing music during care or communicating positively without using elderspeak. More research evidence is needed to underpin strategies identified as encouraging such as Namaste Care or distraction techniques. Future research should address gaps identified such as, the absence of research examining non-pharmacological interventions for refusals of care in hospital settings and in community settings with home-care workers, and the limited research involving family carers. (Edited publisher abstract)
Changes in Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) scores over time: a systematic review
- Authors:
- SOKOL Rebeccah L., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 112, 2020, p.104917.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) is an assessment tool that child-serving settings have used with children and their families to identify areas for intervention and monitor service outcomes over time. Despite its widespread application, the field knows little about how children’s CANS scores change over time in settings that provide CANS-informed services. The current study systematically reviewed changes in CANS scores over time in the existing longitudinal services research. Seven studies met inclusion criteria, and these studies assessed a total of 11 CANS domains: Problems, Risk Behaviors, Functioning, Mental Health, Traumatic Stress Symptoms, Behavioral/Emotional Needs, Acculturation, Externalizing, Child Strengths, Care Intensity, Caregiver Strengths, and Caregiver Needs and Strengths. Overall, the existing evidence on longitudinal CANS applications is limited. Scores within three CANS domains–Risk Behaviors, Functioning, and Child Strengths–improved over time in five of the seven studies. For the majority of CANS domains, however, there was little to no evidence for improvement over time following CANS-informed services. (Edited publisher abstract)
How the structure of egocentric Facebook networks is associated with exposure to risky content for maltreated versus comparison youth
- Author:
- NEGRIFF Sonya
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 2020, p.104700.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The current study examined the size and connectedness of egocentric Facebook networks as predictors of exposure to risky content among a sample of maltreated and comparison youth (n = 118). Social network measures (i.e., size, density, average degree, percent of isolates) were computed from the mutual friend list. A content analysis of posts by friends captured references to alcohol use, marijuana use, partying, and sexual content. Multiple-group path models showed that the larger size of the Facebook network and higher average degree predicted references to marijuana use only for comparison youth, whereas for maltreated youth a higher percent of isolates predicted more references to sexual content by Facebook friends. Structural measures of online networks may have potential utility for identifying those at risk. (Edited publisher abstract)
A longitudinal investigation of protective factors for bereaved maltreated youth
- Authors:
- SASSER Jeri, DUPREY Erinn Bernstein, OSHRI Assaf
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 96, 2019, p.104135.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Maltreated youth are at an elevated risk for the development of problem behaviours. Coping with the death of a family member or close friend during adolescence, referred to as bereavement, is a stressful event that could potentiate risk linked to maltreatment. However, developmental research suggests that youth adjustment is a product of multiple risk and protective factors. Although maltreated youth who experience loss may be particularly vulnerable to behaviour problems, personal and contextual factors may attenuate or exacerbate youths’ risk for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Objective: The overarching goal of this study is to examine individual, family, and community-level protective factors for maltreated youth who experience bereavement. Specifically, this study aims to examine the effect of age 12 bereavement on age 16 internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and to investigate the moderating role of multi-level protective factors at ages 14 and 16. Methods: The study consisted of a sample of 800 youth (52.4% female, 45.1% African-American) drawn from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), collected from 1998 to 2011. Results: Maltreated youth who experienced significant loss were at increased risk for externalizing symptoms, compared to non-bereaved maltreated youth (β = 0.085, p < .05). Individual future orientation (β = 0.103, p < .05) family future orientation (β = −0.120, p < .05), parental monitoring (β = −0.123, p< .01), and neighborhood collective efficacy (β = −0.126, p < .01) each significantly moderated the association between bereavement and externalizing symptoms. Conclusions: These results have implications for future interventions aimed towards reducing problem behaviours in adolescents with a history of child maltreatment and who experience bereavement. (Edited publisher abstract)
A pilot study examining risk behavior in facebook posts for maltreated versus comparison youth using content analysis
- Author:
- NEGRIFF Sonya
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 96, 2019, p.104091.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Social Media use is highly prevalent among contemporary adolescents yet, no studies have examined the similarity in risk content (e.g., substance use, sexual behaviours) between the online posts of maltreated youth and their friends. Objective: The current study examined the risk content of Facebook posts among a sample maltreated and comparison youth and compared the rates of risk content produced by the participants versus their Facebook friends. Participants and Setting: Data were from a sample of maltreated (n = 56) and comparison (n = 62) youth. At the time of data collection participants were in young adulthood (M = 21.78 years; SD = 1.45), but the timeframe of their Facebook profiles captured mid adolescence to young adulthood. Methods: Data were downloaded from the Facebook profiles of all participants and the posts and comments were coded for references to alcohol, marijuana, hard drugs, partying, and sexual content. Results: The results showed that maltreated and comparison youth were similar in the amount of risky content they posted on Facebook as well as in the amount posted by their Facebook friends. Correlations between participant’s and friends’ posts showed stronger associations for posts about alcohol use for the maltreated group but stronger associations in the comparison group for posts about marijuana, hard drug, and sexual references. Gender differences were also examined, with males producing more online risky content than females. Conclusions: Next steps should incorporate a more nuanced analysis to determine which online friends are the sources of risky content. (Edited publisher abstract)
Online child sexual exploitation and abuse:a community diagnosis using the social norms theory
- Authors:
- RAMIRO Laurie S., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 96, 2019, p.104080.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study focused on the drivers of online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) among Filipino children and youth, with emphasis on community norms. An ethnographic qualitative study was conducted in two communities in MetroManila that are considered “hotspots” for child sexual abuse. One hundred and forty-four (144) males and females from various age groups served as key informants. Political officials, Internet shop managers, professionals and police officers were also interviewed. Non-participant observations and mapping were used to provide context regarding OCSEA in the communities.The results revealed that OCSEA was committed online by heterosexual and same sex attracted men in their 40s–50s. The usual victims were girls aged 13–17 years, although boys were also noted. The victims came from poor families and were out-of-school. The various forms of online activities leading to OCSEA included sexual chatting, showing of child sex photos and live videos as well as sextortion. The online transactions were usually initiated by the peer group and some enablers. In general, online sexual activities were perceived as “normal” among young people, although regarded as “disgusting”. Online sex activities had become a source of “easy money” for the child and family. They were perceived as not harmful because of anonymity and the absence of any actual physical contact. People in the community tolerate these online practices and do not report the incidence to authorities. The effects on children and youth were predominantly social and psychological, albeit perceived as economically beneficial. Some preventive and mitigating actions were recommended to curb the incidence of OCSEA in the communities. (Edited publisher abstract)
Placement disruption in foster care: children’s behavior, foster parent support, and parenting experiences
- Authors:
- LEATHERS Sonya J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 91, 2019, pp.147-159.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: The majority of children in foster care 24 months or longer experience three or more placements. Children’s behaviour problems are a primary contributor to multiple moves, but little is known about how behaviour problems and other stressors lead to disruptions. This study focused on foster parents’ experiences of parenting a child at risk for moves using the determinants of parenting model (Belsky, 1984) to identify potential correlates of difficult parenting experiences and placement disruption. Objective: To identify factors associated with difficult parenting experiences and placement disruption. Participants: Foster parents (N = 139) caring for children age 8–14 in long term foster care with a history of two or more moves were randomly selected in a large Midwestern state in the U.S. Methods: Participants completed a 90-minute telephone interview (86% response rate). Placement moves were tracked prospectively for two years. Parenting experiences and disruption were analysed using multiple and logistic regression. Results: Results support aspects of the determinants of parenting model. Behaviour problems, children’s risk to others, low support, and stress were significantly associated with more difficult parenting experiences (βs = .28, .22, .18, .19, respectively, ps < .05), and more difficult parenting experiences strongly predicted placement disruption (p < .01). Risk to others also predicted disruption before including parenting experiences, with this association becoming nonsignificant after including parenting experiences. Unexpectedly, African American foster parents had a higher risk for disruption, despite more positive parenting experiences. Conclusions: These findings support attending to foster parents’ parenting experiences, children’s risk to others, social support and stress to better support placements of children at risk for disruption. (Edited publisher abstract)
Men with childhood sexual abuse histories: disclosure experiences and links with mental health
- Authors:
- ROMANO Elisa, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 89, 2019, pp.212-224.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: There is limited research on the disclosure experiences of men who have experienced childhood sexual abuse and on how such experiences might impact mental health outcomes. Objective: The current study described men’s disclosure experiences and examined the role of disclosure characteristics on mental well-being (internalizing and externalizing behaviours, substance use, resilience). Participants and setting: Men (N = 253) from across Canada and the U.S. were recruited through websites for males with sexual abuse histories. Men aged 18–59 years anonymously completed an online study on their sexual abuse, disclosure experiences, and mental health outcomes. Results: Findings indicated that 77.9% of men disclosed their sexual abuse, although they waited an average of 15.4 years before sharing their experience. Once disclosed, 64.4% of the men reported a positive response (e.g., support), while 35.6% reported a negative response (e.g., blame). Regression analyses indicated that a greater delay in disclosure predicted greater externalizing behaviours (B = .49, p < .05), although this was a small effect (Cohen’s f 2 = 0.02). Additional disclosure variables were associated with components of externalizing (aggressive and rule-breaking behaviours) and internalizing (somatic complaints) behaviours. Conclusions: These results require replication in future studies. However, they do suggest that efforts need to be undertaken to address the barriers that hinder men from disclosing their sexual abuse and to ensure that men are supported once they disclose. (Edited publisher abstract)