Search results for ‘Publisher:"elsevier"’ Sort:
Results 1 - 10 of 42
What do the potential recipients of disclosure of OSA say? Perspectives from adolescent residents in Scotland and Chile
- Author:
- MANRAI Raahat
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 117, 2021, p.105034.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: With the increase in internet use, new forms of child victimization like Online Sexual Abuse (OSA) have emerged. Children and adolescents rarely disclose these incidents and most disclosure happens around peers. Objective: This research addresses the perspective of adolescents (not victims of OSA), potential recipients of the disclosure, within the context of disclosure of OSA committed by either adult or peer perpetrators. Methods: The study was performed in two stages. We interviewed adolescents in Scotland and then conducted focus groups with adolescents from Chile. Participants and setting: 51 adolescents (6 from Scotland and 45 from Chile) aged 15–20 years participated. Results: Despite differences in age and cultural contexts, there were similarities in responses. Obstacles of disclosure included lack of clarity of OSA, prior levels of personal vulnerability, and gender factors (stereotypes and stigmatization). On the other hand, the disclosure process would be easier for adolescents with more personal resources (e.g. self-confidence) and when they have a supportive social environment, which includes parents, but especially peers. Conclusion: Disclosure of OSA is considered similar to the disclosure of offline sexual abuse. However, differences such as a lack of clarity regarding the boundaries of the relationships on the Internet, and presence of a generational gap between adolescents and their parents or tutors in the use of internet makes early disclosure of OSA highly challenging. Plans to facilitate disclosure should consider different components: behavioral (risky behaviors), emotional (feelings of fear and shame) and cognitive (lack of information, self-blame, stigma). This should be focused on adolescents, potential recipients of disclosure (parents, authorities and peers) and society, where the prejudices and practices that prevent disclosure begin. (Edited publisher abstract)
Exploring the contribution of social enterprise to health and social care: a realist evaluation
- Authors:
- CALO Francesca, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 222, February 2019, pp.154-161.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Since the late 1990s social enterprises have been increasingly utilised as a means of delivering of health and social care services. However, there is little evidence on if, and how, provision by social enterprise might achieve positive health outcomes, particularly in comparison to other modes of delivery. This paper draws upon the multiple perspectives offered by stakeholders involved in a rural social enterprise initiative based in Scotland, UK, and in a nearby comparator public sector organisation. Both types of organisation aim to increase the physical activity levels of people with chronic health conditions. In order to gain perspectives on the range of mechanisms and outcomes involved in different types of organisation providing similar interventions, realist evaluation of data gathered from in-depth semi-structured interviews (n = 68) was undertaken. Interviews were carried out with beneficiaries, service providers and external stakeholders and Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations developed to support the researchers explanations for how, and in what ways, social enterprise might impact differently on health. The findings highlight that the social enterprise is differentiated from the publicly-run service in two distinct ways: firstly, the social enterprise was better able to flexibly deliver a bespoke programme designed around the needs of service users; and secondly, their role as a community ‘boundary spanner’ helped facilitate strong ties and feelings of connectedness between beneficiaries, organisational staff and community stakeholders. However, these advantages were significantly compromised when funding was constrained. The findings serve as an important basis for future research to better understand the means by which social enterprises might deliver health outcomes, particularly in comparison with public sector providers. (Edited publisher abstract)
Evolution and effects of COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes: a population analysis in 189 care homes in one geographical region of the UK
- Authors:
- BURTON Jennifer K., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Lancet, early cite October 2020,
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: COVID-19 has affected care home residents internationally, but detailed information on outbreaks is scarce. This research aimed to describe the evolution of outbreaks of COVID-19 in all care homes in one large health region in Scotland. Methods: This study did a population analysis of testing, cases, and deaths in care homes in the National Health Service (NHS) Lothian health region of the UK. This study obtained data for COVID-19 testing (PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and deaths (COVID-19-related and non-COVID-19-related), and this study analysed data by several variables including type of care home, number of beds, and locality. Outcome measures were timing of outbreaks, number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in care home residents, care home characteristics associated with the presence of an outbreak, and deaths of residents in both care homes and hospitals. This study calculated excess deaths (both COVID-19-related and non-COVID-19-related), which this study defined as the sum of deaths over and above the historical average in the same period over the past 5 years. Findings: Between March 10 and Aug 2, 2020, residents at 189 care homes (5843 beds) were tested for COVID-19 when symptomatic. A COVID-19 outbreak was confirmed at 69 (37%) care homes, of which 66 (96%) were care homes for older people. The size of care homes for older people was strongly associated with a COVID-19 outbreak (odds ratio per 20-bed increase 3·35, 95% CI 1·99–5·63). 907 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded during the study period, and 432 COVID-19-related deaths. 229 (25%) COVID-19-related cases and 99 (24%) COVID-related deaths occurred in five (3%) of 189 care homes, and 441 (49%) cases and 207 (50%) deaths were in 13 (7%) care homes. 411 (95%) COVID-19-related deaths occurred in the 69 care homes with a confirmed COVID-19 outbreak, 19 (4%) deaths were in hospital, and two (<1%) were in one of the 120 care homes without a confirmed COVID-19 outbreak. At the 69 care homes with a confirmed COVID-19 outbreak, 74 excess non-COVID-19-related deaths were reported, whereas ten non-COVID-19-related excess deaths were observed in the 120 care homes without a confirmed COVID-19 outbreak. 32 fewer non-COVID-19-related deaths than expected were reported among care home residents in hospital. Interpretation: The effect of COVID-19 on care homes has been substantial but concentrated in care homes with known outbreaks. A key implication from the findings is that, if community incidence of COVID-19 increases again, many care home residents will be susceptible. Shielding care home residents from potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and ensuring rapid action to minimise outbreak size if infection is introduced, will be important for any second wave. (Edited publisher abstract)
How did kinship care emerge as a significant form of placement for children in care? A comparative study of the experience in Ireland and Scotland
- Authors:
- HILL Louise, GILLIGAN Robbie, CONNELLY Graham
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 117, 2020, p.104368.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
A notable development in child welfare provision in recent decades has been growth in certain jurisdictions of formal kinship care as a type of placement for children needing ‘out of home’ care. This trend raises the question of why formal kinship care has emerged in such a marked way in this period in some contexts. This paper sets out to explore this issue by investigating the emergence and development of formal kinship care in two neighboring jurisdictions in Europe where it now accounts for a substantial proportion of all care placements in Scotland and Ireland. The paper sets out a conceptual framework that considers the emergence of formal kinship care against the backdrop of the overall care systems in both jurisdictions and the wider set of societal kinship care practices relating to children. It traces key policy developments in the evolution of formal kinship care in both systems. It reviews policy challenges and influences that may help to account for the emergence and current relative importance of formal kinship care. This comparative case study aims to contribute to international debates about the development of formal kinship care. (Edited publisher abstract)
Psychosocial outcomes of mental illness stigma in children and adolescents: a mixed-methods systematic review
- Authors:
- FERRIE Jamie, MILLER Hannah, HUNTER Simon C.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 2020, p.104961.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Mental illness stigma has serious psychological and social consequences for adults, and remains a significant barrier to help-seeking. The aim of this review was to synthesise findings from qualitative and quantitative studies investigating the psychosocial effects of mental illness stigma in youth with mental health problems who access services.Methods: Four databases were searched resulting in 3353 abstracts with 27 studies included for synthesis. Participants ranged from 8 to 19 years old across studies. Synthesis was conducted by consolidating qualitative data to be re-analysed in a meta-thematic analysis with qualitative data being additionally tabulated into qualitative codes to facilitate a narrative synthesis.Results: The review identified various deleterious stigma-related outcomes amongst youth such as: accepting or rejecting labels, experiencing poorer mental health, feeling socially rejected or fearful of the need to ‘fit in’, not seeking help, shame, and remaining secretive of their difficulties/medication use. Perceptions of mental illness were also influenced negatively by family and healthcare professionals. Finally, youth limited their interactions with young people experiencing mental health problems, enhancing their perceived sense of acceptance amongst social groups. Conclusions: Young people experience detrimental stigma-related outcomes which are linked to their need to preserve social identity and social capital. The need for models of mental illness stigma which are developmentally appropriate is essential for the effective development of effective intervention strategies. (Publisher abstract)
Survivors of institutional abuse in long-term child care in Scotland
- Authors:
- CARR Alan, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 93, 2019, pp.38-54.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry (SCAI) commissioned the research project to document the outcomes of institutional abuse in long-term child care in Scotland. Objective: To profile the experiences of survivors abused in long-term child care in Scotland, and to develop a model which linked maltreatment, risk and protective factors, and outcomes. Participants and Setting: 225 survivors of historical institutional abuse in Scotland, who made witness statements to SCAI. Methods: Data were extracted from witness statements using a coding frame developed through a thematic analysis of a subsample of 52 statements. Results: Survivors had been in care in predominantly Catholic and non-religious residential institutions in Scotland for an average of 8 years, having entered at an average age of 6.8 years. They had suffered multiple forms of maltreatment. Maltreatment rates were: physical abuse, 95.6%; emotional abuse, 85.3%; sexual abuse, 60.4%; emotional neglect, 51.1%; and physical neglect, 37.3%. Across the lifespan survivors had negative outcomes in psychosocial adjustment (96%), mental health (84%), and physical health (43%). The effect of maltreatment in care on psychosocial problems was mediated by both risk and protective factors; and on mental health was mediated by risk factors, but not protective factors. Maltreatment in care had a direct effect on physical health which was not mediated by risk or protective factors. The effects of the cumulative number of risk factors on adverse mental health and psychosocial outcomes was greater than that of maltreatment, and protective factors had a limited impact on adverse outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence-based child protection policies and practices should be implemented to prevent institutional abuse and treat child abuse survivors in Scotland. (Edited publisher abstract)
Mediators of childhood trauma and suicidality in a cohort of socio-economically deprived Scottish men
- Authors:
- LEMAIGRE Charlotte, TAYLOR Emily P.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 88, 2019, pp.159-170.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: There is little research investigating the relationship between childhood abuse, including neglect, and suicidality in adult men, despite epidemiological data suggesting that they are most at risk for suicide. Objective: To investigate the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and suicidality, and the possible mediating roles of affect dysregulation and social inhibition. Participants and setting: a cohort of eighty-six socio-economically deprived male Caucasian participants previously identified as suicidal, attending a non-clinical community group. Methods: Participants completed self-report measures on childhood trauma, emotion regulation, interpersonal difficulties and suicidal behaviour. Results: Mediation analysis indicated that emotion dysregulation and interpersonal difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidality with a medium effect size (R2 = .41, p < .001). Conclusions: Study results suggest that early childhood abuse and neglect results in dysfunctional emotion regulation, which leads to suicidality in the context of impoverished social environments. The provision of psychological interventions aimed at improving social and emotional functioning may help to safeguard men who are most at risk of suicide. (Edited publisher abstract)
The structural linguistic complexity of lawyers' questions and children's responses in Scottish criminal courts
- Authors:
- ANDREWS Samantha J., LAMB Michael E.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 65, 2017, p.182–193.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
In the first study to systematically assess the structural linguistic complexity of lawyers' questions of children in Scotland, the authors examined 56 trial transcripts of 5- to 17-year-old children testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse. Complexity was assessed using 8 quantitative measures of each utterance's components (number of questions, phrases, clauses, sentences, false starts, average word count, word length, and sentence length) and a composite measure was used in the analyses. Lawyers did not alter the complexity of questions when prompting children of different ages. Defence lawyers asked more structurally complex questions than prosecutors. Directive questions were the least structurally complex questions, followed by option-posing questions. Suggestive questions, followed by invitations, were the most structurally complex questions. Option-posing and suggestive questions were more complex when asked by defence lawyers than prosecutors. Of suggestive questions, confrontation and tagged questions were more complex than any other question type. Increased structural complexity led to more unresponsiveness, more expressions of uncertainty, and more self-contradictions regardless of which lawyer asked, the question type, or the children's ages. These findings highlight the additional risks associated with asking some types of questions in structurally complex ways and highlight the need for further innovations (e.g., the use of intermediaries) to facilitate the questioning of vulnerable witnesses in Scottish criminal courts. (Edited publisher abstract)
A study of attachment disorders in young offenders attending specialist services
- Authors:
- MORAN Kate, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 65, 2017, pp.77-87.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Attachment disorders, specifically Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) are disorders associated with neglect and abuse in which people have significant difficulties relating to others. This study aims to explore Attachment Disorder symptoms and diagnoses in young offenders and factors that may be associated with them such as mental health problems. A cross-sectional design was used with 29 young people who were known to Intensive Services, aged 12–17 (M = 16.2, SD = 1.3), 29 carers and 20 teachers. They completed measures investigating symptoms of Attachment Disorders and psychopathology. Eighty-six percent of the young people had experienced some form of maltreatment and the rates of an actual or borderline Attachment Disorder was 52%. A positive correlation between Attachment Disorder symptoms and other mental health problems (as rated by carer-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties Score), accounting for 36% of the variance was found, with a large effect size (rs = 0.60). Attachment Disorder symptoms were associated with hyperactivity and peer relationship problems. (Publisher abstract)
Organic vs. functional neurological disorders: the role of childhood psychological trauma
- Authors:
- KARATZIAS Thanos, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 2016, pp.1-6.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Although the relationship between psychological trauma and medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is well established, this relationship is less well understood in people with medically unexplained neurological symptoms. In the present study, the authors set out to compare people with functional neurological disorders, and organic neurological disorders, in terms of childhood and adulthood traumatic events, traumatic stress, emotional dysregulation and symptoms of depression and anxiety. It is hypothesised that those with functional neurological disorders would be more likely to report childhood and adulthood traumatic life events, traumatic symptomatology, emotional dysregulation and symptoms of anxiety and depression, compared to those with organic neurological disorders. Sample consisted of a consecutive series of people with functional neurological disorders and with organic neurological disorders (n = 82) recruited from a hospital in Scotland. Participants completed measures of life events, traumatic stress, emotional regulation, anxiety and depression. The two groups were found to significantly differ in relation to all measures, with the MUS group being more likely to report childhood and adulthood life events, more severe emotional dysregulation, traumatic stress and symptoms of anxiety and stress. Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to childhood traumatic life events, specifically childhood sexual abuse, and childhood physical neglect, were the only factors which were significantly associated with membership of the medically unexplained neurological symptoms group. Although further research is required to confirm the authors' findings, their results suggest that identifying and addressing the impact of childhood trauma, may alleviate distress and aid recovery from functional neurological disorders. (Edited publisher abstract)