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Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa
- Authors:
- KATZ Ilan, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 116, 2021, p.105078.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: COVID-19 has become a worldwide pandemic impacting child protection services (CPSs) in many countries. With quarantine and social distancing restrictions, school closures, and recreational venues suspended or providing reduced access, the social safety net for violence prevention has been disrupted significantly. Impacts include the concerns of underreporting and increased risk of child abuse and neglect, as well as challenges in operating CPSs and keeping their workforce safe. Objective: The current discussion paper explored the impact of COVID-19 on child maltreatment reports and CPS responses by comparing countries using available population data. Method: Information was gathered from researchers in eight countries, including contextual information about the country’s demographics and economic situation, key elements of the CPS, and the CPS response to COVID-19. Where available, information about other factors affecting children was also collected. These data informed a discussion about between-country similarities and differences. Results: COVID-19 had significant impact on the operation of every CPS, whether in high- income or low-income countries. Most systems encountered some degree of service disruption or change. Risk factors for children appeared to increase while there were often substantial deficits in CPS responses, and in most countries there was at a temporary decrease in CM reports despite the increased risks to children. Conclusions: The initial data presented and discussed among the international teams pointed to the way COVID-19 has hampered CPS responses and the protection of children more generally in most jurisdictions, highlighting that children appear to have been at greater risk for maltreatment during COVID-19. (Edited publisher abstract)
ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children's Version (ICAST-C): instrument development and multi-national pilot testing
- Author:
- ZOLOTOR Adam J.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(11), November 2009, pp.833-841.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The aim of this research was to develop a multi-national, multi-lingual child victimisation survey among a diverse group of child protection experts, and examine the performance of the instrument through a set of international pilot studies. The initial draft of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children’s Version (ICAST-C) instrument was developed after input from scientists and practitioners representing 40 countries. Volunteers from the larger group of scientists participating in the Delphi review of the ICAST P (parent) and R (retrospective) instruments reviewed the ICAST C by email in 2 rounds resulting in a final instrument. The final ICAST C was divided into home and institutional versions which were translated into 6 languages and field tested in 4 countries using a convenience sample of 571 children aged 12–17 years. The ICAST C Home has 38 items and the ICAST C Institution has 44 items. These items serve as screeners and positive endorsements and are followed by queries for frequency and perpetrator. The results of the pilot testing showed that the ICAST C identified high rates of child victimisation in all domains. The ICAST C performed well on field testing. There were no reports of apparent adverse traumatic responses from the children, rates of missing data were low, and internal consistency was moderate to high. The pilot testing demonstrated the feasibility of using child self-report as one strategy to assess child victimisation.
ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools Retrospective version (ICAST-R): Delphi study and field testing in seven countries
- Authors:
- DUNNE Michael P., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(11), November 2009, pp.815-825.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The aim of this research was to gain consensus among an ethnically and linguistically diverse group of international child protection experts on the structure and content of a new survey tool for retrospective measurement of child abuse. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Retrospective (ICAST-R) questionnaire was developed through focus group discussions with international experts, and then subjected to a Delphi study in 2 waves to determine the perceived importance and translatability of items. The resultant questionnaire was translated into 6 languages and field tested in 7 countries with convenient samples of 842 young adults aged 18–26 years. Child maltreatment experts from 28 countries provided input to questionnaire development, with satisfactory agreement gained on draft item inclusion and exclusion and the translatability of items. The tool includes 15 primary questions about potentially abusive physical, sexual and emotional events, with follow-up questions about perpetrator characteristics, frequency of acts and periods in childhood when the recalled abuse occurred. The findings of the field trial demonstrated that the ICAST-R performed well cross-culturally in different languages. It was easy to read, relatively brief to complete (20-30 min) and produced very little missing data and moderate to high internal consistency in the item sub-sets. The behaviourally specific questions should aid direct comparisons internationally.
The development and piloting of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Parent version (ICAST-P)
- Authors:
- RUNYAN Desmond K., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(11), November 2009, pp.826-832.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect has developed instrumentation that may be used with cross-cultural and cross-national benchmarking by local investigators. This paper presents the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Parent Version (ICAST-P) which was developed as a survey instrument to be administered to parents for the assessment of child maltreatment in a multi-national and multi-cultural context. The ICAST-P questionnaire was developed with broad input from international experts. A large bank of questions was subjected to 2 rounds of Delphi review to develop the fielded versions of the instrument. The resultant questionnaire was translated into 7 languages and pilot tested in 6 countries with convenience samples of approximately 120 parent respondents with children under the age of 18 in each of 6 countries, giving a total of 697 respondents. The results of the Delphi study and pilot testing are presented. The patterns of response revealed few missing values and distributions of responses that generally were similar in the 6 countries. Subscales performed well in terms of internal consistency with the exception of the neglect and sex abuse subscales. The results show that the instrument was well tolerated and captured variations in and potentially harmful forms of child discipline. The study demonstrates that a single instrument can be used in a broad range of cultures and languages with low rates of missing data and moderate to high internal consistency.
Children working in the streets of Colombian cities: different pathways to the street lead to different populations
- Authors:
- PINZON-RONDON Angela, HOFFERTH Sandra, BRICENO Leonardo
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 30(12), December 2008, pp.1417-1424.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Street children can be found worldwide, but their prevalence is higher in developing countries such as Colombia. The present study tests the hypothesis that there are three different populations of children in the streets of Colombian cities. 1. Homeless children, 2. Displaced children, and 3. Working children. Using data from the study 'Trabajo infantil en las calles de ciudades Latinoamericanas' and multinomial logistic regression, the type of population was regressed on sociodemographic and work-related variables. When compared with working children, displaced children are more likely to be under 5 years old, to have adult supervision, and to beg. They are less likely to have a social security affiliation. Homeless children are likely to be older, to work for longer periods of hours, to be boys, and to beg. They are less likely to attend school. The study supports the hypothesis that there are three different populations of children in the streets of Colombian cities. The results suggest that different approaches to improving the lives of these three groups of children are needed.
Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: a cross-cultural comparison
- Authors:
- GRACIA Enrique, MUSTIU Gonzalo
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), February 2003, pp.153-168.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This Spanish study looks at the differences between Spanish and Colombian cultures in relation to community social support variables, and the relationships between community social support variables and child maltreatment in both cultures. The study was based on 670 nonabusive families and 166 abusive families. The parents were asked to complete the Community Social Support Questionnaire. This instrument measures community social support in terms of Community Integration and Satisfaction, membership in voluntary organizations and community participation, and use of Community Resources of Social Support. Results found that in both cultures abusive parents show lower levels of community integration and participation in social activities than the parents that provide adequate care. The results largely support the literature that has repeatedly reported the link between social isolation and child maltreatment and they confirm this relation within two cultural contexts, Colombian and Spanish, quite different from the Anglo-Saxon context, where most of the previous studies have been carried out.
Malos tratos infantiles: representaciones sociales de la población general y de los profesionales del ámbito de la infancia en el caribe colombiano
- Authors:
- SIMARRA Julia, DE PAUL Joaquin, SAN JUAN Cesar
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 26(8), August 2002, pp.815-831.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The objective of this article was to know social representations about child maltreatment (severity, etiology, and intervention strategies) of the general population and the professionals working with children in the Caribbean area of Colombia. Sexual abuse is considered as the most severe typology of child maltreatment and emotional abuse is considered as more severe than physical abuse. No differences between groups were found in perceived severity of typologies of child maltreatment. Differences in the social representation about the etiology of child maltreatment were found. Professionals working in the child protection system give more value to characteristics of parents and to the socio-economic and familiar environment in the etiology of child maltreatment than participants from the general population. Prevention and treatment programs for abusers were considered as the more relevant strategies against child maltreatment. Findings of present study suggest that social representations about child maltreatment of general population and professionals from the Caribbean area of Colombia are similar than social representation observed in other regions and countries. It is important to take into account that child labor and child poverty were considered as non-severe typologies of child maltreatment.