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Understanding protective factors for violent reoffending in adults
- Authors:
- KLEPFISZ Gabrielle, DAFFERN Michael, DAY Andrew
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 2017, pp.80-87.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Although there has been long-standing interest in identifying those factors that have the potential to increase the likelihood of violence, it is only relatively recently that attention has been given to those factors that act in the opposite way, or what are commonly referred to as protective factors. This paper considers the meaning of the term protective factor and how this and similarly termed constructs have been conceptualized and operationalized in violent offender assessment instruments. The authors discuss the relationship between risk and protective factors and identify a number of conceptual and definitional issues that arise. Finally, they consider the measurement of protective factors as they pertain to their inclusion in contemporary violent offender assessment instruments. (Edited publisher abstract)
Offending competency and coercive control in intimate partner violence
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, BOWEN Erica
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 20, 2014, pp.62-71.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This paper considers some of the ways in which intervention approaches for perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) might be enhanced through the explicit consideration of the offense process. It is suggested that those who are experts in perpetrating this type of violence routinely use coercive controlling violence in intimate relationships. This group, for whom violence is instrumental, are not only likely to be at highest risk of offending, but also the most difficult to treat. They are more likely to have long developmental histories of violence, hold entrenched attitudes, and utilise knowledge about the effects of intimidation to avoid detection. It is suggested that specific consideration of what is known about the causes and correlates of IPV in those who follow this approach-explicit pathway can improve the outcomes of current perpetrator behaviour change programmes. (Edited publisher abstract)
The therapeutic alliance in offending behavior programs: a necessary and sufficient condition for change?
- Authors:
- KOZAR Christina J., DAY Andrew
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), September 2012, pp.482-487.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The quality of the relationship that forms between clinicians and participants in an offending behaviour programme is thought to have a profound influence on outcomes. This article critically examines the current evidence relevant to the effects of what has been termed the therapeutic alliance on violent offender treatment. It is concluded that there is currently an insufficient evidence base to support the view that the therapeutic alliance impacts either directly or indirectly on treatment outcomes and that other factors, such as offender motivation, treatment readiness, offender personality characteristics, and the way in which clinicians’ attend to participant problems, are also likely to be important. However, it is concluded that there are strong theoretical and practice grounds for clinicians to attend to the development and maintenance of strong alliances in offending behaviour programmes. Recommendations for clinical practice in this area are discussed.
Violent offender rehabilitation and the therapeutic community model of treatment: towards integrated service provision?
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, DOYLE Patrick
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(5), September 2010, pp.380-386.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This paper considers the current evidence base relating to the treatment of violent offenders in prison settings. Rehabilitation programmes for violent offenders are at an early stage in their development, and there is currently only a very limited empirical base from which to draw any conclusions about treatment effectiveness. Therapeutic communities for offender populations have a much longer history, although the effects of applying this model of treatment to violent offenders have not been systematically investigated. This paper reviews the content and evidence supporting both violent offender treatment programmes and therapeutic community models. It discusses how current interventions might be informed by a consideration of the broader social and emotional environments in which they are delivered. The paper concludes that there would appear to be significant therapeutic opportunities that arise through attending closely to the social functioning and interactions of offenders in institutional settings, utilising the community as an agent of change, and encouraging violent offenders to assume responsibility not only for their own behaviour, but for that of others. Approaches to treatment which combine features of therapeutic communities and rehabilitation programmes may prove to be most successful, and warrant further development and evaluation.
Values in forensic and correctional psychology
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, CASEY Sharon
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(4), July 2009, pp.232-238.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The practice of forensic and correctional psychology requires practitioners to balance the conflicts that arise in attempting to address their responsibilities to their individual clients, the legal system and the broader community. These issues are often understood in relation to certain sets of values that have been articulated in codes of ethical practice or organisational mission statements. In contrast little consideration has been given to how the values of offenders can inform the rehabilitative process. The authors suggest that offender rehabilitation is about the ‘frankly moral dialogue’ between the offender and the service provider, arguing that moral standpoints are not only implicit in offending behaviour but are also derived from the values the offender holds. The criminogenic nature of values is discussed and how these might be addressed in an intervention. The review concludes that an exploration of values is both a necessary condition for successful rehabilitation and also essential if ethical problems in working with offenders are to be avoided.
Interventions to improve empathy awareness in sexual and violent offenders: conceptual, empirical, and clinical issues
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, CASEY Sharon, GERACE Adam
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(3), May 2010, pp.201-208.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Although interventions that seek to increase empathy are a common feature of programmes offered to sexual and violent offenders, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that they positively contribute to programme outcomes. This paper explores the rationale for the delivery of empathy training with violent offenders, describes some of the most commonly used approaches, and reviews the current evidence base relating to effectiveness. In this context, empathy is described as the process of taking another person’s perspectives and experiences. The authors summarise by concluding that while there are strong theoretical grounds for identifying empathy deficits as an important area of criminogenic need, there are considerable difficulties in establishing the extent to which the interventions offered in this area might be considered to be successful in reducing risk. The authors suggest that practitioners: ensure that approaches to measurement also match the treatments offered; conduct both short and long term assessment of change; and investigate the relationship between recidivism and treatment goals.
Mindfulness and the treatment of anger problems
- Authors:
- WRIGHT Steven, DAY Andrew, HOWELLS Kevin
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), September 2009, pp.396-401.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Clinical interventions based on training in mindfulness skills are an increasingly common part of psychological practice. Mindfulness training can lead to reductions in a variety of problematic conditions including pain, stress, anxiety, depressive relapse, psychosis, and disordered eating but to date there have been few attempts to investigate the effectiveness of this approach with problematic anger. The literature in relation to the theory and treatment of problematic anger is reviewed, with the aim of determining whether a rationale exists for the use of mindfulness with angry individuals. It is concluded that anger as an emotion seems particularly appropriate for the application of mindfulness-based interventions, and the potential mechanisms for its proposed effects in alleviating the cognitive, affective and behavioural manifestations of anger are discussed.
Promoting forgiveness in violent offenders: a more positive approach to offender rehabilitation?
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(3), June 2008, pp.195-200.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
The effectiveness of many offender rehabilitation programs may be further enhanced by the inclusion of interventions that build on existing motivation to change. Taking the example of anger management interventions delivered within the context of violent offender rehabilitation, the emphasis is on positive personal change implicit in therapies designed to promote forgiveness may hold some promise. Such therapies may be useful in so far as they facilitate the development of perspective-taking skills, and assist in the therapeutic management of shame and guilt in ways that are likely to be engaging for violent offenders.
Anger, over-control and serious violent offending
- Authors:
- DAVEY Linda, DAY Andrew, HOWELLS Kevin
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(5), July 2005, pp.624-635.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
With few exceptions, existing theoretical and clinical analyses of anger in relation to violence have concerned themselves with the understanding and management of high levels of angry experience and low levels of anger control. In contrast, clinical observations and other accounts of those with histories of extreme violence have identified inhibited or unexpressed anger as an important antecedent for some forms of violence. In this paper we review existing models and accounts of dysfunctional low levels of angry experience and/or expression, apply recently developed theories of emotional regulation to these problems, and discuss some of the implications of this work for the delivery of anger management programmes for seriously violent offenders.
Working with childhood sexual abuse: a survey of mental health professionals
- Authors:
- DAY Andrew, THURLOW Katie, WOOLISCROFT Jessica
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), February 2003, pp.191-198.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Reports on the results of a survey of mental health professionals working in a UK hospital which examined the needs of clients who had experienced childhood sexual abuse. Results found that the majority of staff, though knowledgeable about child sexual abuse, were not comfortable in their work with this client group. Less experienced staff were more likely to feel supported, and those who had received training and/or supervision felt significantly more capable of working with this client group. The study provides support for the development of specialist training and supervision programmes for mental health staff in the area of child sexual abuse.