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Changes in parental depression symptoms during family preservation services
- Authors:
- CHAFFIN Mark, BARD David
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 35(6), June 2011, pp.448-458.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
It has been observed that parental depression symptoms often change over the course of child welfare family preservation and parenting services even though these services do not include treatment for depression. The purpose of this study was to explore whether certain processes in family preservation services might be associated with depression symptom change. The study tested 3 correlational models that might impact depression symptoms among family preservation service participants: global life circumstance and wellbeing changes; the quality of the home visitor-client relationship; and the linking of parents to adjunctive mental health services by home visitors. The study participants were 2,175 parents in family preservation services, largely for child neglect, who were surveyed using standard measures at pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6 month follow-up. Change patterns were evaluated using growth models, including bivariate parallel and multivariate second-order models. The findings suggest that changes in overall wellbeing, including depression symptoms, tend to involve a global improvement pattern following changes in social, economic, familial, and parenting domains. Home worker-client working alliance had a modest association with improvement, but successful linkage to outside mental health services was not associated with improvement. These findings might support the use of less complex comprehensive service plans rather than service plans which presume that every identified problem requires a corresponding discrete service.
Beyond psychotherapy: treating abused children by changing their social ecology
- Authors:
- SWENSON Cupit Cynthia, CHAFFIN Mark
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(2), March 2006, pp.120-137.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Historically, the child abuse field has approached intervention through individually focused child or adult psychotherapy. A more comprehensive understanding of current research indicates that the field is moving beyond individually focused models. Existing research on child sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect suggests that multiple factors within the child's social ecology relate to the occurrence of abuse and to its mental health impact. This article reviews the literature on child sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect with an emphasis on social ecological factors related to abuse, recovery and interventions. An approach to intervention is suggested that emphasizes potential target areas and interventions from across multiple systems (e.g., individual, family, school, child protection system).
Dynamic prediction characteristics of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory
- Authors:
- CHAFFIN Mark, VALLE Linda Anne
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(5), May 2003, pp.463-481.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Risk measures are commonly used to evaluate outcomes in child abuse prevention and intervention programmes. This study examined whether pre-intervention to post-intervention changes on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) Abuse Scale corresponded to actual changes in risk for future reports of maltreatment and evaluated the validity of several algorithms for classifying clinically significant change. Participants in the study were 459 parents participating in any one of 27 community-based family preservation and family support programmes. Most parents were low-income mothers with a variety of social risk indicators, about a third of whom would be classified as high-risk by the CAP Abuse Scale. Participants were administered the CAP at program enrollment, then at completion of the intervention (median time=150 days), then followed for an average of approximately 2 years for future official maltreatment reports. Dynamic predictive validity of the CAP Abuse Scale was modeled by comparing survival models using a time-dependent structure of pre- and post-intervention scores to identically structured models using only a pre-intervention score. Pre-intervention CAP Abuse Scale scores demonstrated incremental future predictive validity. However, score changes failed to correspond to changes in likelihood of future abuse. Models using pre-intervention scores only were more predictive than time-dependent score models, and pre-intervention scores were better predictors than post-intervention scores of post-intervention CPS referrals. Common algorithms for classifying clinically significant change yielded results that could be counter-intuitive and misleading. For example, participants classified as improved on these algorithms were actually at similar or even higher risk than those classified as unchanged or worse. The results strongly supported the static predictive validity of the CAP and the use of the CAP for screening purposes. The results did not support the dynamic predictive validity of the CAP. Results of exploratory analyses suggested the possibility that the changes observed on the CAP Abuse Scale reflected changes in subscales assessing subjective distress or parenting attitudes, which may be markers for initial risk but when changed, do not necessarily translate into actual changes in future maltreatment behavior. Although replication and extension are needed before drawing firm conclusions, the current study raises questions about the common practice of using risk instruments as proxy measures for child maltreatment risk in intervention and prevention programmes.
Family preservation and family support programmes: child maltreatment outcomes across client risk levels and programme types
- Authors:
- CHAFFIN Mark, BONNER Barbara L., HILL Robert F.
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 25(10), October 2001, pp.1269-1289.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
This study evaluated client-level outcomes in the USA among Family Preservation and Family Support (FPFS) programmes. Clients (primarily low income, moderate to high risk with no current involvement in the child protection system) were assessed and followed over time for future child maltreatment events reported to Child Protective Services. The study compared programmes completers with programme dropouts, compared recipients of more lengthy full-service programmes with recipients of one-time services, and examined the effects of programme duration, intensity, service site (center-based vs home based) and service model/content. Effects were modelled using survival analysis and variable-exposure Poisson hierarchical models, controlling for initial client risk levels and removing failure events because of surveillance bias. Changes in lifestyles, economic and risk factors were also examined. The findings did not support the effectiveness of these services in preventing future maltreatment cases, and raised questions about a number of common family support assumptions regarding the superiority of home-visiting based and parent training services. A number of possible reasons for this are explored.
School age children's coping with sexual abuse: abuse stresses and symptoms associated with four coping strategies
- Authors:
- CHAFFIN Mark, WHERRY Jeffrey N., DYKMAN Roscoe
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(2), February 1997, pp.227-240.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Evaluates strategies used by sexually abused children in the USA, ages 7 to 12, to cope with their abuse, along with child reported abuse-related symptoms, parent-reported behavioural symptoms, and teacher-reported behavioural symptoms. Principal components analysis of coping yielded four strategies that were labelled avoidant coping, internalised coping, angry coping, and active/social coping. Each coping strategy was found to be associated with a unique set of abuse characteristics, abuse related social environment, and symptoms. In contrast to finds with adult survivors and adolescents, use of avoidant coping strategies among school-age children was found to be related to fewer behavioural problems, although it was also associated with greater sexual anxieties. Internalised coping was found to be associated with increased guilt and PTSD hyperarousal symptoms. Active/social coping was the only strategy found to be unrelated to symptoms, but neither was it associated with measured benefits. In contrast to some clinical opinion that externalising blame and venting anger is a helpful strategy, angry coping was found to be associated with a wide range of behavioural and emotional problems as rated by the child's home-room school teacher. Results are discussed in terms of proposed mediational model.
Onset of physical abuse and neglect: psychiatric, substance abuse, and social risk factors from prospective community data
- Authors:
- CHAFFIN Mark, KELLEHER Kelly, HOLLENBERG Jan
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(3), March 1996, pp.191-203.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Examines whether substance abuse disorders and depression as well as other psychiatric disorders, are risk factors for physical abuse and neglect. Also considers the social factors of age, socioeconomic status, social support, education, household size and gender. Discusses the implications of the findings in terms of major causal models of maltreatment.
Factors associated with treatment completion and progress among intrafamilial sexual abusers
- Author:
- CHAFFIN Mark
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(2), 1992, pp.251-264.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Reports on a research study of men involved in a two-year outpatient treatment programme.