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Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults with intellectual disability: a review
- Authors:
- REILLY Colin, HOLLAND Niamh
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24(4), July 2011, pp.291-309.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
This article reviews attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as it has been studied in individuals with intellectual disability. Despite a reported excess of ADHD symptoms in individuals with intellectual disability, it has been argued that ADHD symptoms have been under diagnosed and inadequately treated in individuals with intellectual disability. The use of diagnostic criteria for ADHD from international classification systems is discussed with reference to the applicability of these systems to individuals with intellectual disability. The prevalence of ADHD symptoms and correlates of ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability are examined with reference to published studies. The findings show that the reported prevalence rates of ADHD symptoms in individuals with intellectual disability vary significantly depending on instruments and diagnostic practices employed. Published studies evaluating interventions for individuals with ADHD and intellectual disability are also reviewed. These are found to primarily focus on pharmacological interventions. The article concludes that much less is known about ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability than about ADHD in individuals without intellectual disability. There is therefore a need to clarify baseline rates of ADHD in individuals with intellectual disability and to develop interventions to support affected individuals and their families.
Williams syndrome: daily challenges and positive impact on the family
- Authors:
- SCALLAN Susan, SENIOR Joyce, REILLY Colin
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24(2), March 2011, pp.181-188.
- Publisher:
- Wiley
The genetic disorder Williams syndrome causes characteristic facial features, feeding difficulties and a failure to prosper in infancy. To date, however, few studies have explored the parental experiences of raising a child with this genetic syndrome. This study of 14 families, all recruited from the Williams Syndrome Association of Ireland, used qualitative methodologies via semi-structured interviews with parents. Findings indicated a variety of daily challenges faced by parents of a person with Williams syndrome. Parental perceptions relating to the positive impact that a person with Williams syndrome can have on the family were also reported. Overall, many of the findings regarding the daily challenges faced by families with a person with Williams syndrome appear to be similar to the experiences of families who have children with other genetic syndromes, the results suggested that certain challenges may be unique to parents of this group. The authors concluded that this study highlighted the positive aspects of raising a child with a disability.