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A population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) experienced in differing patient groups: an effort to replicate Vercoulen et al.'s model of CFS
- Authors:
- SONG Sharon, JASON Leonard A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Mental Health, 14(3), June 2005, pp.277-289.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- London
Vercoulen et al.'s (1998) model characterizes patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) as having insufficient motivation for physical activity or recovery, lacking an internal locus of control, and maintaining a self-defeating preoccupation with symptoms. However, this model has only been tested in a poorly specified group using a single comparison sample. This study investigates whether Vercoulen et al.'s model provides an adequate description of CFS in a community-based sample. A community-based sample of 28,783 people recruited through telephone interviewing in the USA produced five groups (CFS, CF-psychiatrically-explained symptoms, CF-medically-unexplained symptoms, CF-substance misuse, and idiopathic CF). The data were analysed using path analysis with the endogenous (dependent) variables, fatigue severity, physical activity, and impairment, were ratio-level measurements and consisted of at least four values. The exogenous (independent) variables except for causal attribution of fatigue were also ratio-level measurements. The results found that the Vercoulen et al. model adequately represented chronic fatigue secondary to psychiatric conditions but not CFS. This finding points to important differences between CFS and psychiatrically-explained chronic fatigue which may have an impact on the development of therapy as well as explanatory models.
Selling tobacco to minors: can merchants accurately determine a customer's age?
- Authors:
- JASON Leonard A., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 8(4), 2003, pp.45-65.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The present study investigated whether clerks in retail establishments that sell tobacco products can accurately estimate the age of a minor. Two Caucasian females, aged 16-years-old, participated as Field Agents in the present study. One Field Agent entered 49 retail establishments and the other Field Agent entered a different group of 51 retail establishments to conduct a tobacco compliance check. Later in the same day, each Field Agent entered the retail establishments that they had not previously sampled, and asked the clerk to estimate their age. Thirty-four percent of clerks rated the Field Agent as 18 years of age or older. This finding indicates that merchants are not accurate in assessing whether customers who are minors are of legal age to purchase tobacco. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580)
Helping parents reduce children’s television viewing
- Authors:
- JASON Leonard A., FRIES Michael
- Journal article citation:
- Research on Social Work Practice, 14(2), March 2004, pp.112-120.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Parents and educators around the U.S. are concerned about the amount of time children watch television. Part of this concern stems from the fact that a considerable amount of violence is regularly portrayed on television. In addition, those youngsters who watch an excessive amount of television have little time for developing other interests and hobbies. Using simple electronic principles and behaviour modification, a research team at DePaul University has developed several procedures to wean children off television. This research involved dispensing tokens to children after they had engaged in a period of prosocial behaviour. Children’s television viewing decreased after being provided these interventions, and follow-up data suggested that changes were maintained over time. The interventions and devices reviewed in this article are practical ways of empowering parents to have more influence on their children’s television viewing.
Preventing substance abuse among children and adolescents
- Authors:
- RHODES Jean E., JASON Leonard A.
- Publisher:
- Pergamon
- Publication year:
- 1988
- Pagination:
- 162p., tables, diags., bibliog.
- Place of publication:
- New York
Theories of substance abuse; preventive interventions for children and adolescents; identifying and referring high-risk youth; prevention programme guidelines.
Housing as a resource for justice-involved women
- Authors:
- RAM Daphna, SIEGEL Zachary A., JASON Leonard A.
- Journal article citation:
- Community Mental Health Journal, 53(3), 2017, pp.340-343.
- Publisher:
- Springer
Women engaging in substance use who have been justice-involved are systemically isolated from the legal economy and are therefore underresourced. Utilising a conservation of resources framework of stress, this study examined housing as a resource in 200 women exiting the criminal justice system who reported having a history of substance use. A general linear model was run to examine the relationship between the setting where participants spent the most time and CORE Loss scores. Women who had spent the majority of their time in independent house settings had significantly higher CORE-L scores compared to those who spent the majority of their time in precarious settings. This study highlights the importance of understanding housing within the context of working with underresourced populations, and the continued support necessary as women transition out of institutions and into the community. (Publisher abstract)
Sexual coercion, trauma, and sex work in justice-involved women with substance use disorders
- Authors:
- SALINA Doreen D., RAM Daphna, JASON Leonard A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Aggression Maltreatment and Trauma, 25(3), 2016, pp.254-268.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Sexual victimisation is associated with mental health problems, trauma, substance use, and incarceration. The authors recruited 200 formerly incarcerated women with substance use disorders in Chicago. They examined whether empowerment moderates relationships between trauma symptoms, trading sex, and being forced to have sex. There was a significant 3-way interaction among sexual coercion, trading, and empowerment scores on trauma symptoms. For women who have not traded sex, lower levels of empowerment were associated with a larger difference in trauma symptoms between women who have been coerced or traded sex. For women who had been coerced, lower levels of empowerment were associated with a larger difference in trauma symptomatology between those who have traded sex or not. Promoting empowerment in sexually traumatised women might reduce the harm that results from being victimised. Furthermore, providing interventions that educate women regarding gender and cultural roles could help women avoid situations that result in exploitation. (Edited publisher abstract)
Characteristics of sexual assault and disclosure among women in substance abuse recovery homes
- Authors:
- HUNTER Bronwyn A., ROBISON Emily, JASON Leonard A.
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), September 2012, pp.2627-2644.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Previous research suggests that women who engage in substance abuse often have a higher incidence of past sexual assault than women in the general population. There is therefore a need for community-based settings that provide support surrounding both substance use recovery and sexual assault. Oxford House is a network of safe and sober living environments for individuals in recovery from substance use. Research has demonstrated that living in an Oxford House provides sober social support and that this increased social support may promote the use of positive coping strategies to strengthen recovery from substance use. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among sexual assault characteristics, disclosure, social support, and self-esteem for women who lived in Oxford Houses and reported an experience of sexual assault. Data were drawn for a subsample of 129 women from a larger survey of women living in Oxford Houses. The results suggest that many women used Oxford House as a setting in which to disclosure prior sexual assault. They also indicate that women who disclosed their assault experience reported higher self-esteem and social support than women who had not disclosed.
Variables that differentiate chronic fatigue syndrome from depression
- Authors:
- HAWK Caroline, JASON Leonard A., PENA Jennifer
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 16(3), 2007, pp.1-13.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an incapacitating illness affecting approximately 800,000 Americans. As no laboratory tests or objective indicators for CFS exist, case identification depends primarily on information obtained through clinical interviews or questionnaire data. This study explored the use of a daily self-administered log of physical activity, the National Institute of Health activity record (ACTRE), for the diagnosis of CFS. Using ACTRE, patterns of daily behaviour over the course of 2 days were recorded by 15 individuals with CFS, 15 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 15 healthy controls to examine whether differences existed in the pattern, intensity, and qualitative nature of activity. On average, participants in the CFS group spent significantly more time resting than the MDD group or control group. The CFS group spent nearly 2.5 times more than the MDD group and 4 times more than the control group performing low intensity activity. The findings indicated that people with CFS feel fatigued more of the time, find activity to be fatiguing more of the time, and need more rest during activity than people with MDD or healthy controls.
A randomized trial evaluating tobacco possession-use-purchase laws in the USA
- Authors:
- JASON Leonard A., POKORNY Steven B., ADAMS Monica
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 67(11), December 2008, pp.1700-1707.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Tobacco Purchase-Use-Possession laws (PUP) are being implemented throughout the US, but it is still unclear whether they are effective in reducing smoking prevalence among the youth targeted by these public health policies. In the present study, 24 towns in Northern Illinois were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. One condition involved reducing commercial sources of youth access to tobacco (Control), whereas the second involved both reducing commercial sources of youth access to tobacco as well as fining minors for possessing or using tobacco (Experimental). Students in 24 towns in Northern Illinois in the United States completed a 74 item self-report survey in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. At the start of the study, students were in grades 7–10. During each time period, students were classified as current smokers or nonsmokers (i.e., completely abstinent for the 30 consecutive days prior to assessment). The analyses included 25,404 different students and 50,725 assessments over the four time periods. A hierarchical linear modeling analytical approach was selected due to the multilevel data (i.e., town-level variables and individual-level variables), and nested design of sampling of youth within towns. Findings indicated that the rates of current smoking were not significantly different between the two conditions at baseline, but over time, rates increased significantly less quickly for adolescents in Experimental than those in Control towns. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Towards an empirical case definition of CFS
- Authors:
- JASON Leonard A., CORRADI Karina, TORRES-HARDING Susan
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Social Service Research, 34(2), 2007, pp.43-54.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
The current definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was developed by consensus rather than on the basis of empirical research, and there is thus a danger that mis-diagnosis or non-diagnosis may occur. This study is based on data provided by 114 individuals with CFS who completed a questionnaire on neuropsychiatric, vascular, inflammatory, muscle/joint, infectious and other symptoms. Factor scores from this new classification were cluster analysed, and four types of patient group identified. This empirically grounded approach to case definition will ultimately help in the diagnosis of CFS and provision of services to those affected. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).