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Understanding the potential of trauma-informed training in Violence Reduction Units
- Authors:
- WILSON Hannah, et al
- Publisher:
- Early Intervention Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 56
- Place of publication:
- London
This report looks at how trauma-informed training is being used within Violence Reduction Units (VRUs), as a way to increase understanding of trauma, improve practice, reduce impacts on practitioners and improve outcomes for young people in the criminal justice system. VRUs are delivering a wide range of training approaches through the funding they have received from the Home Office. The specific workforces being trained varied considerably, with some VRUs focusing primarily on the police, while others were training a range of professionals who interact with young people in schools, community and healthcare settings. Based on the approaches and plans in the VRUs we spoke to, there is an important set of considerations for the future expansion of or investment in trauma-informed training and care these services. Some of the outcomes that it is hoped trauma-informed training and care will deliver are more feasible than others when considered in the light of the wider evidence base. The contribution of trauma-informed training is best understood as part of a wider trauma-informed system of support. The evaluations of trauma-informed training being conducted by VRUs are likely to provide useful information but will not allow for comparisons of the effectiveness of different approaches. There is a lack of evidence about the application of trauma-informed training within the criminal justice system generally, and further research is needed to confirm the impact of trauma-informed training on the knowledge and attitudes of staff towards trauma. Trauma-informed training has the potential to improve the experiences within the criminal justice system of those disproportionally impacted by trauma. (Edited publisher abstract)
The impact of COVID-19 and associated measures on health, police, and non-government organisation service utilisation related to violence against women and children
- Authors:
- BUTLER Nadia, et al
- Journal article citation:
- BMC Public Health, 22(288), 2022, Online only
- Publisher:
- BioMed Central Ltd
Background: Globally, concerns have been raised that the priority implementation of public health measures in response to COVID-19 may have unintended negative impacts on a variety of other health and wellbeing factors, including violence. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 response measures on changes in violence against women and children (VAWC) service utilisation across European countries. Methods: A rapid assessment design was used to compile data including a survey distributed across WHO Europe Healthy Cities Networks and Violence Injury Prevention Focal Points in WHO European Region member states, and a scoping review of media reports, journal articles, and reports. Searches were conducted in English and Russian and covered the period between 1 January 2020 and 17 September 2020. Data extracted included: country; violence type; service sector; and change in service utilisation during COVID-19. All data pertained to the period during which COVID-19 related public health measures were implemented compared to a period before restrictions were in place. Results: Overall, findings suggested that there was a median reported increase in VAWC service utilisation of approximately 20% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Crucially, however, change in service utilisation differed across sectors. After categorising each estimate as reflecting an increase or decrease in VAWC service utilisation, there was a significant association between sector and change in service utilisation; the majority of NGO estimates (95.1%) showed an increase in utilisation, compared to 58.2% of law enforcement estimates and 42.9% of health and social care estimates. Conclusions: The variation across sectors in changes in VAWC service utilisation has important implications for policymakers in the event of ongoing and future restrictions related to COVID-19, and more generally during other times of prolonged presence in the home. The increased global attention on VAWC during the pandemic should be used to drive forward the agenda on prevention, increase access to services, and implement better data collection mechanisms to ensure the momentum and increased focus on VAWC during the pandemic is not wasted. (Edited publisher abstract)
Social work and countering violent extremism in Sweden and the UK
- Authors:
- FINCH Jo, et al
- Journal article citation:
- European Journal of Social Work, 25(1), 2022, pp.119-130.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
Social Work in Europe, is now being tasked with managing the 'problems' of terrorism, i.e supporting those affected by terrorist attacks, managing returnees affiliated with Terrorist groups in the Middle East, or, as will be discussed here, identifying those at risk from radicalisation and extremism. Both Britain and Sweden have Counter-Terrorism policies, but recent developments in both countries have made it a statutory requirement for social workers to work within such policies. This paper seeks to explore the policies in both countries, utilising a comparative approach to consider the similarities in not only policy and practice but also in the ethical consequences such policies pose for social workers across Europe. The exploration considers; the extent to which anti-radicalisation policies influence social work practices in Sweden and the UK and how they might undermine social work as a human rights profession. The results indicate that anti-radicalisation policies run the risk of reducing social work to become a 'policing profession' practising social control. This has substantial consequences for social work and its global ethics, which should be considered and struggled against by social workers committed to principles of social justice and human rights. (Edited publisher abstract)
Trauma exposure and domestic violence offending severity in a probation sample from post-conflict Northern Ireland
- Authors:
- TRAVERS Aine, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3-4), 2022, pp.1566-1587.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Domestic violence is more common in post-conflict settings such as Northern Ireland. However, the extent to which trauma and related mental health problems are associated with domestic violence perpetration in the region has not yet been quantitatively assessed. The present study examines relationships between multiple traumas, mental health problems, and five indicators of domestic violence perpetration severity (causing injury, use of a weapon, breach of nonmolestation order, sexual violence, and previous police involvement). The unique risk associated with distinct types of trauma (i.e., childhood maltreatment or conflict related) was also investigated. Perpetrators’ case file data (n = 405) were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression. The rates of recorded trauma exposure and mental health difficulties were 72.3% and 63.5%, respectively. The first logistic regression analyses showed that exposure to multiple traumas was associated with increased likelihood of perpetrating injurious and sexual violence, when controlling for the covariates (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.24-1.28). The second logistic regression analyses showed that childhood maltreatment was the only trauma type to confer unique risk, a relationship that was significant only for the outcome of perpetrating injurious violence (OR = 3.06). Substance misuse was also significantly associated with perpetration of injurious violence, use of weapons, and having past police involvement (ORs = 2.49-3.50). The accumulation of traumatic experiences and substance abuse appear to act as risk factors for some indicators of offending severity. Childhood maltreatment appears to confer particularly strong risk. The findings may support a focus on trauma and substance abuse as intervention targets in post-conflict settings. (Edited publisher abstract)
A review of recent innovation in psychosocial interventions for reducing violence and aggression in adults using a horizon scanning approach
- Authors:
- WIGHAM Sarah, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Aggression and Violent Behavior, 62, 2022, p.101685.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Violence and aggression have mental and physical health consequences and costs for individuals and society. The aim of this review is to identify recent cross-sector innovative approaches in psychosocial interventions for managing violence and aggression in adults. Methods: this study used a horizon scanning approach. Inclusion criteria were clinical trials published or registered 2017–2020 evaluating interventions for perpetrators. The researchers searched three electronic databases (Cinahl, Medline, PsycINFO) and international trials registries to identify documents and synthesized findings narratively. Results: Eighteen published and four registered trials were identified. Participants included veterans, intimate partner violence perpetrators, and prison inmates. Interventions where improvements were reported for participants on structured outcome measures included expressing gratitude, emotion recognition training, motivational plans/interviewing, art-psychotherapy, and trauma-informed shared narratives. Of interventions reviewed ‘signals’ or indicators of potential innovation were identified for reducing psychological aggression (e.g. denigration) and aggressive behaviour. A range of aggression outcome measures were utilized though all were not standardised and few were observational. Conclusions: The recent innovative cross-sector approaches to managing violence and aggression in adults identified indicate a small but promising evidence base. Future research will add to this by using rigorous designs, developing standardised outcome measures and focussing on reducing aggressive behaviour leading to trauma and violence. (Edited publisher abstract)
“The only way we’ll be successful”: organizational factors that influence psychosocial well-being and self-care among advocates working to address gender-based violence
- Authors:
- CAYIR Ebru, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 2021, pp.11327-11355.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Advocates who work for nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that address gender-based violence (GBV) experience a wide range of psychosocial health and well-being risks due to the emotionally demanding nature of the work they engage in. Most recommendations for advocates’ self-care focus on individual-level activities, failing to hold the NPOs accountable for creating workplace cultures and practices that foster psychosocial well-being, self-care, and resilience among the advocates. The aim of this qualitative research was to further our understanding of organizational-level factors that influence psychosocial well-being and self-care practices among advocates who work for GBV-specific NPOs in a metropolitan area in the southeastern United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with 25 GBV-specific advocates. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used in coding and analyzing the data. Sixteen advocates identified as White, followed by five Black, two Hispanic, and two mixed-race/ethnicity. Mean age was 36 years. Most participants had a master’s degree (n = 16). Analysis of the data resulted in three major themes: (a) Management and Leadership Style, (b) Interpersonal Relationship Dynamics, and (c) Culture of Self-Care. The ways in which leaders established relationships with other advocates to accomplish organizational goals, how advocates developed a sense of camaraderie with their coworkers, and shared norms around self-care shaped advocates’ willingness and ability to engage in individual and collective self-care. Findings of this study highlight the role of GBV-specific NPOs in creating workplace cultures and practices that are conducive to engaging in self-care and developing resilience among the advocates. By fulfilling this responsibility, organizations would enable the advocates to not only survive, but thrive in their work and make even greater strides in the overall mission of GBV prevention. (Edited publisher abstract)
Workplace violence against domestic and family violence and sexual assault workers: a gendered, settings-based approach
- Authors:
- NATALIER Kristin, et al
- Journal article citation:
- British Journal of Social Work, 51(7), 2021, pp.2301-2320.
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Violence against social workers and other social service practitioners is prevalent across countries and service delivery settings, often accepted as implicit in working with vulnerable clients. A corresponding scholarly focus on workplace violence, and the factors that affect it, is, however, still developing. This is particularly stark in the domestic and family violence (DFV) and sexual assault (SA) sectors. To address this gap, this article explores the extent and impact of practitioners’ exposure to workplace violence, and the mix of work and organisational factors that predict it. Analysis of survey data from Australian DFV and SA practitioners (N = 903) enables a focus on the two main sources of workplace violence: violence from clients and violence from colleagues. Both types of violence were found to be prevalent, gendered and associated with emotional strain and intention to leave. We argue that in DFV and SA sectors, which respond to multiple forms of gendered violence, understanding the multifaceted nature of workplace violence, and the structural arrangements that underpin it, is necessary for planning strategies to prevent and address it. (Edited publisher abstract)
Economic evaluation of public health interventions: an application to interventions for the prevention of violence against women and girls implemented by the “What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls?” Global program
- Authors:
- FERRARI Giulia, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21-22), 2021, pp.NP11392-NP11420.
- Publisher:
- Sage
Violence against women and girls (VAWG) has important social, economic, and public health impacts. Governments and international donors are increasing their investment in VAWG prevention programs, yet clear guidelines to assess the “value for money” of these interventions are lacking. Improved costing and economic evaluation of VAWG prevention can support programming through supporting priority setting, justifying investment, and planning the financing of VAWG prevention services. This article sets out a standardized methodology for the economic evaluation of complex, that is, multicomponent and/or multiplatform, programs designed to prevent VAWG in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It outlines an approach that can be used alongside the most recent guidance for the economic evaluation of public health interventions in LMICs. It defines standardized methods of data collection and analysis, outcomes, and unit costs (i.e., average costs per person reached, output or service delivered), and provides guidance to investigate the uncertainty in cost-effectiveness estimates and report results. The costing approach has been developed and piloted as part of the “What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls?” (What Works?) program in five countries. This article and its supplementary material can be used by both economists and non-economists to contribute to the generation of new cost-effectiveness data on VAWG prevention, and ultimately improve the allocative efficiency and financing across VAWG programs. (Edited publisher abstract)
IMPACT: effects of an online capacity-building intervention for IPV prevention professionals
- Authors:
- DRABKIN Anya S., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(15-16), 2021, pp.NP7899-NP7919.
- Publisher:
- Sage
IMPACT, an online, interactive, capacity-building intervention for professionals engaged in direct intimate partner violence (IPV) work, was evaluated for preliminary efficacy. The IMPACT intervention comprised 13 training modules developed using the Rotheram-Borus Common Factors approach to prevention program development. In total, 156 participants from a diverse range of organizational settings across the United States completed baseline assessments and were randomized to the IMPACT intervention or to the control condition. Participants completed a follow-up assessment 3 months after baseline. Compared with control participants, IMPACT participants significantly increased their general IPV-related knowledge and their self-efficacy to utilize best practice IPV prevention strategies; effect sizes for these outcomes were moderate to large, indicating that these results are meaningful for IPV prevention practice. No differences by condition were observed in other outcomes such as scenario-based skills implementation or utilization of IPV-related strategies in participants’ work. In addition, analyses showed that these findings were consistent across IPV prevention experience levels. Results suggest that IMPACT is flexible, generalizable, scalable, and a promising tool for disseminating IPV research into practice and helping to prevent IPV. (Edited publisher abstract)
Conflict prevention, de-escalation and restraint in children/youth inpatient and residential facilities: a systematic mapping review
- Authors:
- SLAATTO Ane, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 127, 2021, p.106069.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Conflict and aggression are well-known concerns in youth inpatient and residential facilities, frequently affecting both the quality of children/youth (hereafter, youth) care and the well-being of staff. Responses, such as restraint and seclusion (R&S), also pose challenges and can threaten the safety of youth and staff. Various educational and training programs have been implemented to improve practice and create safer places to live and work for both youth and staff. This article reviews the research on the results of measures taken in response to conflict and aggression in youth facilities. Because very little on this topic was published before 2015, we searched for both systematic reviews and original studies published between January 2015 and November 2020 in a total of 7 databases. Our aims in this article are to 1) describe and review the literature related to the effects of interventions to prevent and manage aggression and violence in inpatient and residential youth facilities, 2) describe and review the literature on the effects of R&S and experiences of youth and staff, related to youth violence, R&S, and 3) identify potential gaps in knowledge about these issues that future research could narrow or close. The literature search retrieved 4,698 potentially relevant publications. A total of 14 publications—2 reviews and 12 individual case studies—met our inclusion criteria. Most of the 14 studies were conducted in residential-care and hospital/psychiatric facilities; a small number were conducted in juvenile justice facilities. Our review indicates that interventions that contributed to a reduction in episodes of R&S differed from those that led to a reduction in conflicts and aggression. The review also indicates that both youth and staff have negative experiences of physical restraint. Results also show that further studies are needed of both the effects and experiences of physical restraint and the effectiveness of de-escalation measures in preventing violence and aggression. (Edited publisher abstract)