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Ethnicity, race and inequality in the UK: state of the nation
- Author:
- et al
- Editor:
- BYRNE Bridget
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- Publication year:
- 2020
- Pagination:
- 318
- Place of publication:
- Bristol
This book provides an evidence-based account of contemporary patterns of ethnic and racial inequality, across a range of key policy arenas, which shape the lives of Britain’s diverse black and minority ethnic communities. Working in collaboration with key experts in the field, the individual chapters trace the complex forms and dimensions of inequality in particular areas, and, importantly, how these have changed or entrenched over time, and in relation to particular policies and institutional practices. Engaging with a variety of comprehensive and reputable sources, individual chapters trace what we know about ethnic inequalities in a range of fields in UK society and culture, including: citizenship and immigration, crime and policing, health, education, the labour market, housing, the cultural industries, politics, and racism. They situate this knowledge in an understanding of how things have changed over time in the last 50 years and the impact of major policies in the different areas. The book provides a map of racial and ethnic inequality across all aspects of social and cultural life in Britain, while identifying points of intervention for policymakers. It also constitutes a snapshot of the current ‘moment’ in Britain, on the brink of Brexit and a precarious new, and unpredictable era for our multi-ethnic, multi-racial country. It offers an assessment of where we are as a nation and the concluding recommendations extend an invitation to imagine a different and better future. (Edited publisher abstract)
Homelessness amongst Black and minoritised ethnic communities in the UK: a statistical report on the state of the nation
- Authors:
- BRAMLEY Glen, et al
- Publisher:
- Heriot-Watt University
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 35
- Place of publication:
- Edinburgh
This report draws on a wide range of statistical data sources including Census, surveys and administrative data to assess the 'state of the nation' with regard to the experience of homelessness of people from Black and minoritised ethnic communities in the UK. We found overwhelming statistical evidence that people from Black and minoritised ethnic communities experience highly disproportionate levels of homelessness in the UK. However, these patterns vary markedly, between different minoritised groups, by type of homelessness, and by geographic area within the country, with the very highest levels of homelessness apparently associated with Black and Mixed ethnicity people living in London, who seem particularly exposed to the risk of experiencing 'statutory homelessness', that is, applying and/or being accepted as homeless by a local authority. Asian households experience lower risks of statutory homelessness or 'core' (the most extreme) forms of homelessness, but are at highly disproportionate risk of more hidden aspects of homelessness, such as severe overcrowding or 'doubling up' with other households. Holding other contributory factors constant (including demographics, employment patterns, poverty levels, housing tenure, and local housing market conditions), ethnicity-related variables (including ethnic and racial background, having a migration background, and reporting experience of discrimination as result of ethnicity) increase homelessness risks substantially for Black-led households, and often for Mixed and Other groups, but only marginally for some other minoritised ethnic groups. Race, ethnicity and discrimination can affect homelessness risks indirectly as well as directly by, for example, heightening levels of poverty, or the chances of being a renter rather than an owner, which in turn increases exposure to homelessness. (Edited publisher abstract)
The elective care backlog and ethnicity
- Authors:
- GEORGHIOU Theo, et al
- Publisher:
- Nuffield Trust
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 88
- Place of publication:
- London
This report examines, for all procedures, and for groups of common elective procedures, how rates of NHS-funded treatment varied between ethnic groups before the pandemic, and whether there were subsequent ethnic differences in the levels of ‘lost’ activity during the pandemic. The focus of our analysis is ethnicity, but deprivation, region and Covid-19 are confounders in interpreting ethnic differences, and so these are also examined to inform our interpretation of the results. The report is based on a detailed analysis of hospital data from March 2019 to February 2022. The analysis reveals that, before the pandemic, the White group had higher rates of elective procedures overall than the Black, Mixed and Asian groups, with the White group having almost a fifth more procedures than the Asian group per head of population. Cardiac and cataract procedure rates were highest in the Asian group and dental procedure rates were highest in the Black group. Procedure rates during the first year of the pandemic fell in all groups, with the NHS carrying out around 2.7 million fewer operations and tests in that year compared with the year before. However, the falls in activity were not uniform across the different ethnic groups, with the Asian group experiencing the largest overall fall in the first year of the pandemic compared with the other groups (a fall of 49% for all procedures compared with 44% for the White and Black groups). This means that if the proportional fall in activity was the same for the Asian group as it was for the White group, we would have expected to see just over 17,000 more procedures for the Asian group. Although the gap narrowed in the second year of the pandemic, there was still a larger deficit of care among the Asian group, with the fall remaining 2% larger for the Asian group than for the White group - an estimated deficit of 6,640 procedures. Apart from the Asian group, consistent differences were not found across procedures for other ethnic minority groups. The Black group did have larger rate falls than the White group for cardiac and cataract procedures (the fall was 19% larger for cataract procedures) but otherwise saw similar changes to the White group, including for all procedures taken together. The most deprived groups in the population experienced larger rate falls overall and for most specific procedure groups. For hip and knee replacements, there was a 13% larger fall in the most deprived group compared with the national change, and a 7% lower fall in the least deprived group. There was no relationship between the fall in elective hospital activity and the local impact of Covid-19 by region (as measured by reported Covid-19 cases and Covid-19 admissions). (Edited publisher abstract)
A voice for change: Young Changemakers tackling mental health inequalities in racialised communities
- Authors:
- LE Huong, et al
- Publisher:
- Centre for Mental Health
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 26
- Place of publication:
- London
The Young Changemakers programme aims to equip young people with the tools to produce youth-led social action projects aimed at tackling mental health inequalities in racialised communities. This briefing highlights some of the issues affecting the mental health of young people from racialised communities and their access to support. It finds that young people from racialised communities often do not trust mental health services, face higher levels of stigma and are at greater risk of accessing mental health support through involuntary or coercive routes. The key issues identified as having an impact on young people from racialised communities' mental health are: negative perceptions towards mental health support and care; limited and involuntary pathways to mental health services; lack of mental health awareness; lack of culturally appropriate support; mental health stigma. The briefing explores how the Young Changemakers have developed social action projects to address some of these issues: Team Not So Micro - campaigning to include microaggression training as a mandatory part of teacher training; Team Engage - creating culturally sensitive digital resources for GPs; Team Verity - producing a podcast featuring mental health professionals and young people with lived experience; Team Change - delivering creative workshops about mental health specifically targeting young Black people. This briefing calls for public health initiatives to reduce stigma and increase mental health awareness among young people from racialised communities, for antiracism training to be included in formal qualifications in both health and education, and for young people to have a seat at the table when decisions are being made about mental health programmes and services. It highlights the need for further research and supporting resources which are tailored to young people from racialised communities, in order to narrow the racial inequality gaps within the mental health system. (Edited publisher abstract)
What do we know about ethnic diversity in the family justice system in Wales?
- Authors:
- NORTH Laura, et al
- Publisher:
- Nuffield Family Justice Observatory
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 30
- Place of publication:
- London
This study set out to produce an overview of the ethnic diversity of children and adults in public and private law cases in Wales; consider, against the national picture, whether particular ethnic groups are under or over-represented in the family justice system in Wales; and set out recommendations regarding data collection and analysis. The study used anonymised individual-level, population-scale data on children and adults involved in private and public law cases in Wales between April 2011 and March 2020. Public law cases, primarily care proceedings, are brought by local authorities when children are considered at risk of actual or likely significant harm. Private law children cases relate to disagreements or disputes, usually between parents after relationship breakdown, about arrangements for a child's upbringing, such as who they should live with and/or who they should see. Our findings indicate that the family justice system works with a diverse population of families in Wales, in both public and private law proceedings. However, most adults and children involved in family justice proceedings are White, reflecting the ethnicity of the population across Wales. The second largest proportion of individuals are recorded as being in Mixed or multiple ethnic groups, with a slightly higher proportion of children in both public and private law cases than adults. Individuals in the Other, Asian or Asian British, and Black, African, Caribbean or Black British groups combined make up between 2% and 3% of children and adults in both public and private law cases. Given the limited literature and analyses to date, more needs to be done to confirm these findings, and to recognise, understand and respond to the needs of all ethnic groups in the family justice system. (Edited publisher abstract)
Improving the way family support services work for minority ethnic families
- Authors:
- WADDELL Stephanie, et al
- Publisher:
- Early Intervention Foundation
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 28
- Place of publication:
- London
This report explores the experiences of minority ethnic families in accessing and receiving family support, to better understand the challenges and opportunities in how family support services work for minority ethnic families and young people. The research project collected two strands of primary data. The first was a qualitative survey with 102 parents and 59 young people (aged 12-18); the second was a series of complementary focus groups, including two sessions with young people and one with parents. The study finds that experiences of discrimination and racism were commonly reported among the parents and young people who participated in our research. These experiences related both to trying to access services and to the support that families received from services. One in three survey respondents felt that they were treated unfairly when seeking or receiving support for their family. A further 24% told us they were unsure about whether they had been treated fairly. We found that minority ethnic families were proactively seeking help and support, but that they encountered multiple barriers in doing so, including finding appropriate services, issues with service capacity and long waiting lists, and negative experiences of the first point of contact with services. More than 40% of survey respondents said the support they then received made no difference or made things worse. Notably, parents and young people experienced a series of challenges around their relationship with the practitioner working with them. Parents and young people also identified a lack of cultural sensitivity within family support services. They found that services were not representative of the communities they worked with, and that practitioners did not always display cultural sensitivity or an understanding of cultural or religious influences on family dynamics. (Edited publisher abstract)
What do we know about ethnicity in the family justice system in England?
- Authors:
- ALROUH Bachar, et al
- Publisher:
- Nuffield Family Justice Observatory
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 48
- Place of publication:
- London
This report aims to illuminate the availability, scope and quality of the ethnicity data collected by the Children and Family Court Advisory Service (Cafcass) in England, and to make a substantive contribution to the knowledge base around ethnic diversity in the family justice system. The report finds that there has been an overall improvement in the recording of ethnicity by Cafcass since 2015/16. Prior to this, ethnicity data was recorded for less than a third of people involved in family law cases. In more recent years (2016/17 to 2019/20), ethnicity has been recorded for around four-fifths of both adults and children. This is a major step forward in understanding an important dimension of diversity for the population of children and families involved within the family justice system. Our provisional findings indicate that the family justice system works with a diverse population of families, in both public and private law proceedings. Entirely novel findings in relation to private law - especially around the proportion of people from the Asian or Asian British group involved in proceedings - require further investigation. More detailed analysis is needed to unpack these variations and understand the relationship with both the ethnic diversity of the underlying regional population and other factors, such as levels of local area deprivation and regional variation in terms of urban and rural areas. Given the ethnic diversity and the limited literature and analyses to-date, more needs to be done - at both a quantitative and qualitative level - to recognise and respond to the needs of all ethnic groups in the family justice system. (Edited publisher abstract)
Drivers of activity in children's social care: research report
- Authors:
- FITZSIMONS Peter, et al
- Publisher:
- Great Britain. Department for Education
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 86
- Place of publication:
- London
This report outlines changes in children's social care activity (the work done by children's social care organisations) since 2013. It outlines explanations for changes in activity, highlights children's journeys in social care, and quantifies the association of social care activity with specific factors including family income and local authority of residence. This report finds that whilst there were increases in all forms of children's social care activity between 2013 and 2018 (except adoptions), they have all plateaued or decreased since 2018, except looked-after children and Section 17 children in need assessments. The rise in activity between 2013 and 2018 was greatest for investigations: Section 47 enquiries, initial child protection conferences and Section 17 assessments, and numbers of child protection plans. Rises in looked-after children rates and numbers since 2016 reflect a 12% fall in children leaving care, as numbers entering care have also fallen. This is driven by fewer children returning home to their families and fewer children leaving care before the age of 18. The increasing age of looked-after children appears to be caused by children being looked after for longer, rather than causing children to be looked after for longer. For children under the age of 13, domestic violence with a parent/carer subject is the most common factor identified at the end of assessment, with 45% of all assessments of children aged 1 citing this as a factor. For adolescents, children's mental health is the most common factor. After the age of 12 years old there is a sharp growth in the percentage of assessments which identify child alcohol and drug misuse, child sexual exploitation, trafficking, gangs, missing children, socially unacceptable behaviour and self harm. Children who are more likely to receive a social care intervention than other children, after controlling for other differences, have lower family income, live in more deprived areas, are older, and are of Mixed Black/White Caribbean or Black Other ethnicity. However, children of Asian ethnicity are less likely to receive an intervention. (Edited publisher abstract)
Ethnicity and children's social care
- Authors:
- AHMED Noor, et al
- Publisher:
- Great Britain. Department for Education
- Publication year:
- 2022
- Pagination:
- 66
- Place of publication:
- London
This analysis examines differences in the representation, experiences and outcomes of children in social care by ethnic group. We present analysis on the following themes: characteristics of children by ethnic group; journeys of children in social care; looked after children's placements and outcomes; outcomes of care leavers. Key findings include: London is the only region where a majority of children in need are from ethnic minority backgrounds; children from White and Mixed ethnic groups have higher rates of acute social care activity following referral to social care; domestic violence followed by mental health were the most commonly identified factors at assessment for most ethnic groups, with the exception of children from White British, Chinese, Gypsy/Roma and Black African ethnic groups; children from Asian and Any Other ethnicities were around three times more likely than White or Mixed ethnicity children to have had no interaction with social care in the month prior to becoming a looked after child; Black and Asian children were less likely than White or Mixed ethnicity children to have been on a child in need or a child protection plan in the month prior to becoming a looked after child, or at any point in the previous 8 years; children from Black ethnic groups were most likely to have multiple periods as a looked-after child; the most common reason for ceasing a period of care was returning to parents for most ethnic groups; care leavers from White and Mixed ethnic groups had the lowest rates in education, employment or training (46% and 47% respectively). (Edited publisher abstract)
A qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators affecting ethnic minority patient groups when accessing medicine review services: perspectives of healthcare professionals
- Authors:
- ROBINSON Anna, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Health Expectations, 25(2), 2022, pp.628-638. Online only
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Introduction: Healthcare inequalities and ethnicity are closely related. Evidence has demonstrated that patients from ethnic minority groups are more likely to report a long-term illness than their white counterparts; yet, in some cases, minority groups have reported poorer adherence to prescribed medicines and may be less likely to access medicine services. Knowledge of the barriers and facilitators that impact ethnic minority access to medicine services is required to ensure that services are fit for purpose to meet and support the needs of all. Methods: Semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals were conducted between October and December 2020, using telephone and video call-based software. Perspectives on barriers and facilitators were discussed. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis enabled the development of themes. QSR NVivo (Version 12) facilitated data management. Ethical approval was obtained from the Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee. Results: Eighteen healthcare professionals were interviewed across primary, secondary and tertiary care settings; their roles spanned medicine, pharmacy and dentistry. Three themes were developed from the data regarding the perceived barriers and facilitators affecting access to medicine services for ethnic minority patients. These centred around patient expectations of health services; appreciating cultural stigma and acceptance of certain health conditions; and individually addressing communication and language needs. Conclusion: This study provides much-needed evidence relating to the barriers and facilitators impacting minority ethnic communities when seeking medicine support. The results of this study have important implications for the delivery of person-centred care. Involving patients and practitioners in coproduction approaches could enable the design and delivery of culturally sensitive and accessible medicine services. Patient or Public Contribution: The Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) group at Newcastle University had extensive input in the design and concept of this study before the research was undertaken. Throughout the work, a patient champion (Harpreet Guraya) had input in the project by ensuring that the study was conducted, and the findings were reported, with cultural sensitivity. (Edited publisher abstract)