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Formative research to optimize respondent-driven sampling surveys among hard-to-reach populations in HIV behavioral and biological surveillance: lessons learned from four case studies
- Authors:
- GRAZINA Lisa, et al
- Journal article citation:
- AIDS Care, 22(6), June 2010, pp.784-792.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
A widely accepted and adopted method to assess HIV and other sexually transmitted infection prevalence and risk factors among hard-to-reach populations is respondent-driven sampling (RDS). However, failures to properly implement RDS in several settings could potentially have been avoided, had formative research been first conducted, yet, to date, there is no published literature addressing the use of formative research in preparing for RDS studies. This paper used examples from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Thailand, Montenegro, and St Vincent and Grenadines, among populations of men who have sex with men, female sex workers, and injecting drug users to describe how formative research was used to plan, implement, and predict outcomes of RDS surveys and to provide a template of RDS-specific questions for conducting formative research in preparation for RDS surveys. The article outlines case studies to demonstrate how formative research may help researchers to determine whether RDS methodology is appropriate for a particular population and sociocultural context, and to decide on implementation details that lead to successful study outcomes.
The prevalence of mistreatment among the elderly with mental disorders in primary health care settings
- Authors:
- RACIC Maja, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Journal of Adult Protection, 8(4), December 2006, pp.20-24.
- Publisher:
- Emerald
Elder mistreatment is a medical and social problem that is often under-recognised by primary care physicians. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of elder mistreatment among elderly patients with mental disorders (depression, early dementia and anxiety disorders) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One-hundred-and-eighty-four patients with different mental disorders were asked to complete the EAST questionnaire as part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Screening results were evaluated, and patients who had responses associated with 'mistreatment' were invited back to the clinics for additional clinical evaluation. Different types of mistreatment were identified in 71% of all patients. This led to a conclusion that screening for elderly mistreatment should be part of the routine health assessment for all older persons and part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment.
On the battleground and women's bodies: mass rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Authors:
- SNYDER Cindy S., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 21(2), Summer 2006, pp.184-195.
- Publisher:
- Sage
This article critically reviews the literature pertaining to mass rape during times of war to identify and understand the unique factors that promote it. A greater understanding of these factors is considered a productive initial step toward proffering effective solutions to address this significant problem. The former Yugoslavia, particularly Bosnia-Herzegovina, serves as a case study against which this literature is reviewed. The authors conclude that women's experience of rape in war, like the abuse of women's human rights, is often determined by the intersection of a variety of factors, such as age, race, class, religion, ethnicity, and nationality. Future studies should further explore how these complex variables relate to each other in an attempt to understand the horrific crimes that are often perpetrated against women during wartime.
Mental health, employment and gender: cross-sectional evidence in a sample of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina living in two Swedish regions
- Authors:
- BLIGHT Karin Johansson, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Social Science and Medicine, 62(7), April 2006, pp.1697-1709.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Large regional differences regarding access to employment have been observed amongst persons from Bosnia-Herzegovina coming to Sweden in 1993–1994. This has led to questions about the role of mental health. To explore this further, postal survey questionnaires were distributed to a community sample (N=650) that was stratified and, within strata, randomly selected from a sampling frame of persons coming to Sweden from Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1993–1994. Four hundred and thirteen persons returned the questionnaire providing a response rate of 63.5%. The aim was to increase knowledge about the relationship between mental health and employment in the chosen population. The main mental health outcome measure was the Göteborg Quality of Life instrument from which 360 respondents were grouped according to low or high symptom levels. Data were cross tabulated against background variables such as age, gender and occupational status, and then tested using binary logistic regression. Binary logistic regression revealed unemployed men but not women, and women who had been working for longer periods during 1993–1999, to be associated with high levels of symptoms of poor mental health. Women living in the urban region were also overrepresented in the high symptom group. These findings indicate that, job occupancy is important to the health of men in the study. However, for the women, further understanding is needed, as job occupancy at some level as well as living in the urban region appear to be associated with poor mental health.
Wartime faith-based reactions among traumatized Kosovar and Bosnian refugees in the United States
- Authors:
- AI Amy L., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Mental Health Religion and Culture, 8(4), December 2005, pp.291-308.
- Publisher:
- Taylor and Francis
- Place of publication:
- Philadelphia, USA
In William James' view, one function of prayer is a faith-based, conscious approach to a higher power when in distress. Accordingly, this study investigates the use of private prayer among Muslim war refugees from Kosovo and Bosnia. Results show that these refugees were highly traumatized and most counted on private prayer for coping with their wartime difficulties. Four major types of prayer familiar to Americans were employed by roughly two-thirds to 86% of this sample. As expected, most types of prayer were associated with both wartime traumatic distress and greater religiousness. Also, 77% used prayer so that their enemies would “pay for what they have done.” However, this type of prayer was predicted only by higher levels of education and not by religiousness or traumatization. The need for examining the general and specific social contexts of prayer, such as war and terror, and prayer itself, perceived as a common human experience, are discussed. A structural equation model indicated that war-related trauma was associated directly only with negative religious coping but indirectly with positive coping, mediated by levels of emotional distress. Religiousness was related directly only to positive coping. These findings are discussed with respect to their theoretical and clinical implications.
Right to know, UNICEF Bosnia and Herzogovina: developing a communication strategy for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among young people through participatory action research
- Authors:
- MAGLAJLIC Reima Ana, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Research Policy and Planning, 22(2), 2004, pp.39-49.
- Publisher:
- Social Services Research Group
Presents a participatory action research in which young people are engaged as researchers in a project focused on providing the best available information on HIV/AIDS to young people in their city. Based in 3 Bosnian cities, this UNICEF international study demonstrates the viability of involving young people as researchers and disseminators of sensitive information about a central area of their lives. Illustrates the process by which this was made possible, the role of the qualified researcher in conjunction with that of the young people and the shared learning that took place throughout the project. Although complex because of the combination of the sensitivity of HIV/AIDS, coupled with that generated by the inter-ethnic recent history of Bosnia Herzogovina, the mutually respectful and supportive approach of the participants enabled this project to be successful and useful.
PTSD among Bosnian refugees: a survey of providers' knowledge attitudes and service patterns
- Authors:
- WEINE Stevan M., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Community Mental Health Journal, 37(3), June 2001, pp.261-271.
- Publisher:
- Springer
Investigates providers' knowledge, attitudes and service provision patterns for Bosnian refugees with PTSD in the USA and considers the overall implications for trauma-related mental health services. A survey instrument was developed and administered to 30 randomly selected service providers working with Bosnian refugees in Chicago. This includes primary medical care providers, community social service providers and mental health service providers. Results showed that knowledge about PTSD is highest in mental health service providers, as is amount of previous training and education about PTSD. Results found less than half of all providers systematically assess for PTSD, and standardised instruments for PTSD are rarely used. In general, less than half of providers hold attitudes toward refugees as suffering from illnesses or mental disorders. Likewise, only half of the providers reported providing education to refugees and their families about the possible mental health consequences of trauma. Concludes that assessment, intervention and educational activities of providers are not consistent with literature documenting that PTSD is highly prevalent in refugee populations. New training programmes, model development, and research initiatives are needed to address the needs of refugees.