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What was care like for me? A systematic review of the experiences of young people living in residential care
- Authors:
- CAMERON-MATHIASSEN Jacqueline, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 138, 2022, p.106524.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Residential care can be a relevant option for young people with behavioural problems considered beyond the capacity of the young person's own home or foster care to manage. While some care home residents go on to excel in life, others do not. Understanding how young people's experiences of residential care impact on their well-being might help us improve the outcome possibilities for individual residents. This systematic review of qualitative research aimed to synthesize and identify the experience of living in residential care and suggest how these findings can enhance the well-being of this group in the future. Five relevant databases were searched for qualitative empirical studies published between 1990 and January 2020. Twelve papers met the inclusion criteria. The studies were thematically synthesised to produce findings. Four high-order analytical themes were constructed: autonomy and control; relationships and support; safety and security; and, child to adult transitions in care. These high-order themes revealed a varied experience of care with some young people experiencing stability and security as well as support towards achieving normative milestones. For others the findings revealed experiences of not being heard and understood by the care institution, creating experiences of poor well-being and a reduction in agentic development. In addition, peer relationships were experienced both positively as friendships and support developed within some care homes and negatively when the peer group accepted bullying and violence as normative behaviour. This review recommends further research into how the care community culture impacts on young people. Finally, this review calls for research on how agency is developed and supported among young people in residential care, and how poorer psychological well-being can be better understood within the realm of residential care. (Edited publisher abstract)
Strengthening supportive networks for care leavers: a scoping review of social support interventions in child welfare services
- Authors:
- OKLAND Idun, OTERHOLM Inger
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 138, 2022, p.106502.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Care leavers often have a smaller network and receive less social support than other youth. This is problematic, as research highlights the importance of having a strong social network on which to rely when transitioning to adulthood. As such, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify studies describing interventions, programs, or methods used by child welfare services to strengthen or enhance supportive networks for care leavers. A literature search was conducted among five databases. The search was limited to articles published between 2010 and 2020 and written in English. To be as comprehensive and inclusive as possible, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies were included. Twelve articles were included in the review. The interventions discussed in these twelve studies were divided by the authors into five categories: (1) natural mentoring, (2) formal mentoring, (3) formal mentoring and skills training, (4) network facilitation by intensive family finding, and (5) self-help groups. This scoping review suggests that few studies have been conducted on social support interventions for care leavers carried out by child welfare services. Moreover, the method of evaluation differs among the studies that do exist. The literature is thus too limited to suggest a promising practice, but there are some examples of hopeful interventions. As such, there seems to be a need for more research on social support interventions within a child welfare context. (Edited publisher abstract)
The influence of the down- and upscaling of activities in long-term care facilities during the COVID-19 visitor ban on caregivers' exhaustion and ability to provide care and support: a questionnaire study
- Authors:
- HARTSTRA Egbert, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Geriatric Nursing, early cite March 2022,
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
In the Netherlands, a national visitor-ban was in place in LTCFs during the first outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. Meaningful activities were cancelled or downscaled, while others were performed more often. It is known that a lack of activities has several negative effects on residents, while the impact on caregivers remains largely unexplored. Here we investigate the influence of the down- and upscaling of activities on caregivers' physical and emotional exhaustion and their perceived ability to provide care and support. Downscaling of activities for residents, in particular watching television and musical activities, had a negative impact on caregivers' emotional exhaustion. The downscaling of watching television increased caregivers 'physical exhaustion. Furthermore, the downscaling of both activities had a negative impact on caregivers' perceived ability to provide ADL care and emotional support. This study triggers the need for more knowledge about the function of meaningful activities for residents, from a LTCF caregivers' perspective. (Edited publisher abstract)
Multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect: parental stress and parental mental health as predictors of change in child neglect
- Authors:
- BAUCH Judith, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 126, 2022, p.105489.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Despite high prevalence, child neglect has long been passed over in research. Serious long-term consequences call for effective intervention programs. However, as a result of the lack of research, there is a lack of effective interventions. In order to develop such intervention programs and to maximize the effectiveness of existing programs, it is necessary to examine what factors are related to the reduction of neglect and, subsequently, what change mechanisms their effectiveness is based on. Objective: this intervention study investigated whether changes in parental mental health and parental stress after Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN), an effective evidence-based intervention program for child neglect, are related to changes in child neglect. Participants and setting: Study participants were 144 parent-child dyads participating in the MST-CAN program. Methods: this study analysed changes from pre- to post-treatment in child neglect, parental mental health, and parental stress, and conducted a multiple regression analysis to examine whether changes in parental mental health and parental stress predict changes in child neglect. Result: The results showed that child neglect, as well as parental stress, significantly decreased and parental mental health significantly improved during the program. While improvements in parental mental health were not related to the reduction of child neglect, a decrease in parental stress significantly predicted the reduction of child neglect. Conclusion: These findings suggest that parental stress might be a promising target for evidence-based intervention programs to reduce the occurrence of child neglect. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed. (Edited publisher abstract)
Child protection involvement of children of mothers with intellectual disability
- Authors:
- LIMA Fernando, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 126, 2022, p.105515.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Children born to parents with intellectual disability (ID) have been shown as disproportionally represented in child protection services however with limited population-based research. Objectives: To investigate child protection involvement for children born to mothers with ID in Western Australia using linked administrative data. Participants and setting: A cohort of 1106 children born to a mother with ID and a comparison group of 9796 children of mothers without ID were identified in Western Australia. Methods: Cox regression analyses stratified by maternal Aboriginal status were conducted to investigate risk of child involvement with child protection services and care placement. Interaction with child age, intellectual disability status, and maternal mental health and substance use was investigated. Results: Children born to a mother with ID were both at higher risk of having contact with child protection services (HR: 4.35 (3.70-5.12)) and placement in out-of-home care (HR: 6.21 (4.73-8.17)). For non-Aboriginal children, the risks of child protection involvement and placement for those born to mothers with ID were 7 times and 12 times higher than those of mothers without ID. The risk was lower for Aboriginal children, at 1.8 and 1.9 times, respectively. Infants born to mothers with ID were at higher risk of child protection involvement compared to other age groups. Maternal mental health and substance use moderated the increased risk. Conclusions: Intellectual disability alone is not sufficient justification for removal of children from their parents. The challenge for family services is ensuring that resources are adequate to meet the family's needs. (Edited publisher abstract)
Provider challenges in responding to retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved domestic minor sex trafficking survivors
- Authors:
- NICHOLS Andrea J., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 126, 2022, p.105521.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) survivors are disproportionately involved in the juvenile justice system, but frequently run away and experience retrafficking. However, little research explores how practitioners who work with juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors address such dynamics. Objective: This study examines challenges related to chronic runaway behaviors and related retrafficking of juvenile justice-involved DMST survivors from the perspective of practitioners. Participants and Setting: 35 in-depth interviews were conducted with social service and justice system practitioners working with DMST survivors in a Midwestern metropolitan area. Methods: Inductive analysis of the transcribed interviews involved a multi-phase, independent co-coding process conducted by three members of the research team, including selective coding, open coding, and taxonomic analysis to identify recurring themes and subthemes. Core themes that focused on challenges experienced by practitioners working with minors who chronically ran away and returned to a trafficking situation were further developed. Results: Practitioners reported that their ability to provide care to minors returning to trafficking situations was limited because of their informal authority in the juvenile justice system, inaccessibility of residential therapeutic care and drug treatment, and punitive measures directed toward parents seeking assistance from Children's Division. Provider narratives indicated that without effective interventions, minors typically exit a retrafficking situation only after experiencing emotional distress, extreme violence, pregnancy or birth, or contracting an STI. Conclusions: Non-punitive responses to address chronic runaway behaviours and retrafficking of minors in the justice system include: placement with foster families trained in dynamics of sex trafficking, trauma, and runaway behaviours; safety planning including risk assessments and providing resource information about drop in centers and healthcare; revising hotlining procedures for concerned parents; and increasing minors' access to trauma-informed residential care, therapeutic care, and substance use treatment by legislatively expanding healthcare coverage under Safe Harbor laws. (Edited publisher abstract)
The emergence of political priority for addressing child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom
- Authors:
- SHAWAR Yusra Ribhi, TRUONG Phong Phu, SHIFFMAN Jeremy
- Journal article citation:
- Child Abuse and Neglect, 128, 2022, p.105601.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is widespread. Few countries, however, prioritize the issue. The United Kingdom is an exception, ranked first in its response to the issue in a 2019 country comparison. In 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron designated the issue one of three national threats. Funding commitments and policies to address CSA followed. Objective: To investigate how CSA emerged as a national political priority in the United Kingdom, and to identify insights for proponents seeking to advance priority for addressing the issue. Participants and setting: Documents were analyzed and semi-structured interviews conducted with actors in the United Kingdom central to CSA advocacy, research, and/or programming, as well as with policymakers. Methods: Drawing on the multiple streams public policy model, a thematic analysis was conducted on collected documents (n = 160) and 21 interview transcripts. Results: Our analysis delineates three critical developments that led to national prioritization for addressing CSA. First, high-profile scandals and the re-framing of CSA survivors as deserving of support raised public awareness of the problem. Second, champions concerned with CSA developed evidence-based and politically-feasible solutions. Third, the Prime Minister's concern and other political developments opened a policy window. Conclusions: The case provides insights for proponents on generating political priority for addressing CSA. Proponents need to (1) ensure survivors are not seen as culpable but rather as deserving of support, (2) be ready with solutions and (3) cultivate high-level political support, so that when policy windows open they can jump to push the issue onto the national agenda. (Edited publisher abstract)
Developing a minimum data set for older adult care homes in the UK: exploring the concept and defining early core principles
- Authors:
- BURTON Jennifer Kirsty, et al
- Journal article citation:
- Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(3), 2022, pp.e186-e193.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Reforms to social care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in the UK and internationally, place data at the heart of proposed innovations and solutions. The principles are not well established of what constitutes core, or minimum, data to support care home residents. Often, what is included privileges data on resident health over day-to-day care priorities and quality of life. This Personal View argues for evidence-based principles on which to base the development of a UK minimum data set (MDS) for care homes. Co-produced work involving care home staff and older people working with stakeholders is required to define and agree the format, content, structure, and operationalisation of the MDS. Implementation decisions will determine the success of the MDS, affecting aspects including data quality, completeness, and usability. Care home staff who collect the data need to benefit from the MDS and see value in their contribution, and residents must derive benefit from data collection and synthesis. (Edited publisher abstract)
The interplay of youth and care characteristics with a positive social climate in therapeutic residential youth care
- Authors:
- LEIPOLDT Jonathan D., et al
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 2022, p.106348.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Background: Limited research exists on how therapeutic residential youth care (TRC) achieves treatment outcomes. More specifically, little is known about the association between contextual factors such as treatment organization, youth characteristics, and experienced social climate in TRC. Therefore, this study aims to investigate differences between latent classes of TRC and youth characteristics and their association with a positive perceived social TRC climate. Method: this study applied a person-centred approach in a cross-sectional design with a sample of 400 adolescents and 142 staff leaders. The researchers analysed youth and TRC characteristics in a latent class analysis and established associations with social climate for these two groupings. Results: The two types of TRC settings found, i.e., larger TRC settings and family-style TRC settings, show small differences in social climate. These settings only differed on youth activities and staff shifts type (more cohabitation and unorganized activities outside TRC in family-style TRC). This study identified four adolescent classes: A severe problems group, youth with incidental problems, family problems, and a migrant background group. The migrant background group showed the most positive perceptions of social climate, followed by youth with incidental problems, family problems, and severe problems. Conclusions: TRC staff should acknowledge how perceived social climate is connected to TRC characteristics and the heterogeneity of adolescents in care. As social climate is subjective and dynamic, a continuous dialogue about TRC social climate between staff and youth is recommended. Future research should investigate how these aspects are associated with treatment outcomes to increase our understanding of achieving positive outcomes in TRC. (Edited publisher abstract)
What works for whom: a realist synthesis of neighbourhood interventions for families in the community
- Authors:
- RUMPING S.M., BOENDERMAKER L., FUKKINK R.G.
- Journal article citation:
- Children and Youth Services Review, 134, 2022, p.106365.
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
Neighbourhood interventions are important for creating supportive structures for parents and children and for other community members. Little is known, however, about what works for whom in what situation. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of what works for whom in community interventions in the neighbourhood. Realist synthesis was used as a review methodology to examine community interventions. Six databases were searched for studies published between January 1st, 2000 and May 8th, 2020 and 28 community programs reported in 34 publications were included. Multiple rounds of coding and several discussions with experts and the project team were conducted to analyze these studies and programs, and to understand underlying assumptions of neighbourhood interventions. This resulted in the definition of ten important mechanisms of change in specific contexts. These were found on two levels: on an interpersonal level (e.g. social support) and on a community level (e.g. social norms). Positive mechanisms of change varied from supportive professionals to participants in the intervention, to co-production in developing the intervention. Negative mechanisms were only found on the community level and were related to professionals’ and community members’ skills. Mechanisms of change were found to be related to specific contexts, such as implementation strategies and the type of intervention. Professionals and municipalities can use these mechanisms of change to improve their interventions and neighbourhood practices. (Edited publisher abstract)